Kukonza Moyenera ndi njira yochotsera zinthu kuchokera pa chinthu chogwirira ntchito pogwira ntchito yomaliza yolimba. Makina olondola ali ndi mitundu yambiri, kuphatikizapo kugaya, kutembenuza ndi makina otulutsira magetsi. Masiku ano makina olondola nthawi zambiri amawongoleredwa pogwiritsa ntchito Computer Numerical Controls (CNC).
Pafupifupi zinthu zonse zachitsulo zimagwiritsa ntchito makina olondola, monga momwe zimachitira ndi zipangizo zina zambiri monga pulasitiki ndi matabwa. Makinawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri odziwa bwino ntchito yawo. Kuti chida chodulira chigwire ntchito yake, chiyenera kusunthidwa m'njira zomwe zafotokozedwa kuti chidulidwe moyenera. Kuyenda koyamba kumeneku kumatchedwa "liwiro lodulira." Chogwirira ntchitocho chingasunthidwenso, chomwe chimadziwika kuti kuyenda kwachiwiri kwa "kudya." Pamodzi, mayendedwe awa ndi kuthwa kwa chida chodulira zimathandiza makina olondola kugwira ntchito.
Kupanga makina olondola kwambiri kumafuna luso lotsatira mapulani apadera kwambiri opangidwa ndi mapulogalamu a CAD (computer aided design) kapena CAM (computer aided manufacturing) monga AutoCAD ndi TurboCAD. Mapulogalamuwa angathandize kupanga ma diagram ovuta, amitundu itatu kapena ma planeti ofunikira kuti apange chida, makina kapena chinthu. Mapulani awa ayenera kutsatiridwa mwatsatanetsatane kuti atsimikizire kuti chinthucho chikusunga bwino. Ngakhale makampani ambiri opanga makina olondola amagwira ntchito ndi mapulogalamu ena a CAD/CAM, nthawi zambiri amagwira ntchito ndi zojambula zojambula pamanja m'magawo oyamba a kapangidwe.
Kukonza zinthu molondola kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo chitsulo, bronze, graphite, galasi ndi pulasitiki kungotchulapo zochepa. Kutengera kukula kwa polojekitiyi ndi zipangizo zomwe zigwiritsidwe ntchito, zida zosiyanasiyana zokonza zinthu molondola zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuphatikiza kulikonse kwa ma lathe, makina opera, makina obowola, macheka ndi zopukusira, komanso ma robotic othamanga kwambiri kungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Makampani opanga ndege angagwiritse ntchito makina opera mofulumira kwambiri, pomwe makampani opanga zida zamatabwa angagwiritse ntchito njira zojambulira ndi kugaya pogwiritsa ntchito photo-chemical. Kutulutsa zinthu kuchokera pa ntchito, kapena kuchuluka kwa chinthu china chilichonse, kumatha kukhala zikwizikwi, kapena kungochepa chabe. Kukonza zinthu molondola nthawi zambiri kumafuna mapulogalamu a zida za CNC zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimayendetsedwa ndi makompyuta. Chipangizo cha CNC chimalola kuti miyeso yeniyeni itsatidwe panthawi yonse yogwira ntchito ya chinthu.
Kugaya ndi njira yopangira makina pogwiritsa ntchito zida zozungulira kuti zichotse zinthu kuchokera pa workpiece popititsa patsogolo (kapena kudyetsa) choduliracho kupita ku workpiece mbali ina. Choduliracho chingagwiridwenso pa ngodya yofanana ndi mzere wa chida. Kugaya kumakhudza ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi makina, kuyambira pazigawo zazing'ono mpaka zazikulu, zolemera zogaya. Ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida zapadera mpaka zololera zenizeni.
Kugaya kungachitike ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zamakina. Gulu loyambirira la zida zamakina zogaya linali makina ogaya (nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mphero). Pambuyo pa kubwera kwa makina olamulira manambala a makompyuta (CNC), makina ogaya adasanduka malo opangira makina: makina ogaya owonjezeredwa ndi makina osinthira zida okha, magazini a zida kapena ma carousel, mphamvu ya CNC, makina oziziritsira, ndi malo ozungulira. Malo opangira makina nthawi zambiri amagawidwa ngati malo opangira makina olunjika (VMCs) kapena malo opangira makina opingasa (HMCs).
Kuphatikiza kwa kugaya m'malo ozungulira, komanso mosemphanitsa, kunayamba ndi zida zogwirira ntchito za lathes ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphero nthawi zina pozungulira. Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale gulu latsopano la zida zamakina, makina ochitira zinthu zambirimbiri (MTMs), omwe amapangidwa kuti azithandiza kugaya ndi kutembenuza mkati mwa ntchito yomweyo.
Kwa mainjiniya opanga mapangidwe, magulu a kafukufuku ndi chitukuko, ndi opanga omwe amadalira kupeza zinthu zina, makina opangidwa ndi CNC molondola amalola kupanga zinthu zovuta popanda kukonza zina. Ndipotu, makina opangidwa ndi CNC molondola nthawi zambiri amalola kuti zinthu zomalizidwa zipangidwe pa makina amodzi.
Njira yopangira makina imachotsa zinthu ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana zodulira kuti ipange kapangidwe komaliza, komanso nthawi zambiri kovuta kwambiri, ka gawo. Kulondola kumawonjezeka pogwiritsa ntchito computer numerally control (CNC), yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa makinawo.
Udindo wa "CNC" pakupanga zinthu molondola
Pogwiritsa ntchito malangizo okonzedwa bwino a pulogalamu, makina opangidwa ndi CNC molondola amalola kuti ntchitoyo idulidwe ndi kupangidwa motsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito makina ndi manja.
Pogwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo cha kapangidwe ka kompyuta (CAD) choperekedwa ndi kasitomala, katswiri wa makina amagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yopangira makina (CAM) kuti apange malangizo opangira gawolo. Kutengera chitsanzo cha CAD, pulogalamuyo imasankha njira zomwe zikufunika ndi kupanga khodi yopangira mapulogalamu yomwe imauza makinawo kuti:
■ Kodi ma RPM ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya choyenera ndi chiyani?
■ Nthawi ndi komwe mungasunthire chida ndi/kapena chogwirira ntchito
■ Kudula mozama bwanji
■ Nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito choziziritsira
■ Zinthu zina zilizonse zokhudzana ndi liwiro, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, ndi mgwirizano
Kenako wolamulira wa CNC amagwiritsa ntchito code yopangira mapulogalamu kuti azilamulira, aziyendetsa zokha, komanso aziyang'anira mayendedwe a makinawo.
Masiku ano, CNC ndi chida chomangidwa mkati mwa makina osiyanasiyana, kuyambira ma lathe, ma mill, ndi ma router mpaka ma waya a EDM (magetsi otulutsa magetsi), makina odulira a laser, ndi plasma. Kuwonjezera pa kuyendetsa makinawo ndikuwongolera kulondola, CNC imachotsa ntchito zamanja ndikulola akatswiri a makina kuyang'anira makina angapo omwe akuyenda nthawi imodzi.
Kuphatikiza apo, njira yogwiritsira ntchito zida ikapangidwa ndipo makina akonzedwa, imatha kuyendetsa gawo nthawi iliyonse. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yolondola komanso yobwerezabwereza, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso yokwera mtengo.
Zipangizo zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makina
Zitsulo zina zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi makina ndi monga aluminiyamu, mkuwa, bronze, mkuwa, chitsulo, titaniyamu, ndi zinki. Kuphatikiza apo, matabwa, thovu, fiberglass, ndi mapulasitiki monga polypropylene amathanso kupangidwa ndi makina.
Ndipotu, pafupifupi chilichonse chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi makina opangidwa ndi CNC molondola — ndithudi, kutengera momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso zomwe zimafunika.
Ubwino wina wa makina opangidwa ndi CNC molondola
Pazinthu zambiri zazing'ono ndi zigawo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zopangidwa, njira yopangira yolondola ya CNC nthawi zambiri ndiyo njira yosankhika.
Monga momwe zilili ndi njira zonse zodulira ndi kupangira makina, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimagwira ntchito mosiyana, ndipo kukula ndi mawonekedwe a chinthucho zimakhudzanso kwambiri njirayi. Komabe, kawirikawiri njira yopangira makina a CNC molondola imapereka ubwino kuposa njira zina zopangira makina.
Izi zili choncho chifukwa CNC machining imatha kupereka:
■ Kuvuta kwambiri kwa magawo
■ Kulekerera kolimba, nthawi zambiri kuyambira ± 0.0002" (± 0.00508 mm) mpaka ± 0.0005" (± 0.0127 mm)
■ Zomaliza bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zomaliza zapadera
■ Kubwerezabwereza, ngakhale pa kuchuluka kwa voliyumu
Ngakhale katswiri wa makina angagwiritse ntchito lathe yamanja kuti apange gawo labwino kwambiri la 10 kapena 100, chimachitika ndi chiyani mukafuna zigawo 1,000, zigawo 10,000, zigawo 100,000 kapena miliyoni imodzi?
Ndi makina opangidwa ndi CNC molondola, mutha kupeza kukula ndi liwiro lofunikira pakupanga kwamtunduwu kwamphamvu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kubwerezabwereza kwakukulu kwa makina opangidwa ndi CNC molondola kumakupatsani magawo omwe ali ofanana kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto, mosasamala kanthu kuti mukupanga magawo angati.
Pali njira zina zapadera kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito makina a CNC, kuphatikizapo waya EDM (makina otulutsa magetsi), makina owonjezera, ndi kusindikiza kwa laser ya 3D. Mwachitsanzo, waya EDM imagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zoyendetsera ntchito — nthawi zambiri zitsulo — ndi magetsi otulutsa kuti awononge ntchito kukhala mawonekedwe ovuta.
Komabe, apa tiyang'ana kwambiri njira zogayira ndi kutembenuza — njira ziwiri zochotsera zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi pokonza CNC molondola.
Kugaya ndi kutembenuza
Kugaya ndi njira yopangira makina yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chida chozungulira chodulira chozungulira kuti ichotse zinthu ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Zipangizo zopangira makina, zomwe zimadziwika kuti mphero kapena malo opangira makina, zimakwaniritsa chilengedwe cha zigawo zovuta kwambiri pa zinthu zina zazikulu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo.
Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa kugaya ndi chakuti chogwirira ntchito chimakhala chosasunthika pamene chida chodulira chikuzungulira. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pa mphero, chida chodulira chozungulira chimayendayenda mozungulira chogwirira ntchito, chomwe chimakhala chokhazikika pamalo pake pabedi.
Kutembenuza ndi njira yodulira kapena kupanga chidutswa chogwirira ntchito pa chipangizo chotchedwa lathe. Kawirikawiri, lathe imazungulira chidutswa chogwirira ntchito pa mzere woyima kapena wopingasa pomwe chida chodulira chokhazikika (chomwe chingakhale chozungulira kapena chosazungulira) chimayenda motsatira mzere wokonzedwa.
Chidachi sichingazungulire gawolo. Chidacho chimazungulira, zomwe zimathandiza chidacho kuchita ntchito zomwe zakonzedwa. (Pali gulu la ma lathes momwe zida zimazungulira waya wothira spool, komabe, zomwe sizikufotokozedwa pano.)
Mosiyana ndi kugaya, chogwirira ntchito chimazungulira. Chigawocho chimazungulira pa spindle ya lathe ndipo chida chodulira chimalumikizidwa ndi chogwirira ntchito.
Makina opangira ndi manja motsutsana ndi CNC
Ngakhale kuti mphero ndi ma lathe onse akupezeka m'mamodeli amanja, makina a CNC ndi oyenera kwambiri popanga zigawo zazing'ono - zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso zobwerezabwereza pa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kupanga zigawo zolimba kwambiri.
Kuwonjezera pa kupereka makina osavuta a 2-axis momwe chida chimayendera mu X ndi Z axes, zida zolondola za CNC zimaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya axis momwe workpiece ingayendenso. Izi zikusiyana ndi lathe pomwe workpiece imangokhala yozungulira ndipo zida zimasuntha kuti zipange geometry yomwe mukufuna.
Makonzedwe amitundu yambiriwa amalola kupanga ma geometri ovuta kwambiri pa ntchito imodzi, popanda kufunikira ntchito yowonjezera ndi wogwiritsa ntchito makina. Izi sizimangopangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupanga zigawo zovuta, komanso zimachepetsa kapena kuchotsa mwayi wolakwika wa wogwiritsa ntchito.
Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito choziziritsira champhamvu kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito makina a CNC molondola kumaonetsetsa kuti ma chips sagwira ntchito, ngakhale mutagwiritsa ntchito makina okhala ndi spindle yolunjika molunjika.
Makina opangira CNC
Makina osiyanasiyana opera amasiyana malinga ndi kukula kwawo, mawonekedwe a axis, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, liwiro lodulira, komwe chakudya chimapita, ndi makhalidwe ena.
Komabe, kawirikawiri, ma CNC mill onse amagwiritsa ntchito spindle yozungulira kudula zinthu zosafunikira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula zitsulo zolimba monga chitsulo ndi titaniyamu koma angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ndi zinthu monga pulasitiki ndi aluminiyamu.
Mafakitale a CNC amapangidwa kuti azibwerezedwanso ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zonse kuyambira kupanga ma prototyping mpaka kupanga zinthu zambiri. Mafakitale a CNC olondola kwambiri nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito zolimba monga kugaya ma fine dies ndi nkhungu.
Ngakhale kuti CNC milling imatha kusintha mwachangu, kumaliza kopangidwa ndi chitsulo kumapanga zigawo zokhala ndi zizindikiro zooneka bwino za zida. Zingathenso kupanga zigawo zokhala ndi m'mbali zakuthwa ndi ma burrs, kotero njira zina zingafunike ngati m'mbali ndi ma burrs sizili zoyenera pazinthu zimenezo.
Zachidziwikire, zida zochotsera zinyalala zomwe zakonzedwa motsatira ndondomekoyi zidzachotsa zinyalala, ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimakwaniritsa 90% ya zomwe zimafunika kumalizidwa, zomwe zimasiya zinthu zina zomaliza ndi manja.
Ponena za kumalizitsa pamwamba, pali zida zomwe sizingopanga kumalizitsa pamwamba kovomerezeka kokha, komanso kumalizitsa kofanana ndi galasi pazigawo zina za chinthu chogwirira ntchito.
Mitundu ya mphero za CNC
Mitundu iwiri yoyambira ya makina opera imadziwika kuti malo opachikira makina oimirira ndi malo opachikira makina opingasa, komwe kusiyana kwakukulu kuli pa momwe makinawo amayendera.
Malo opangira makina oyima ndi mphero momwe mzere wa spindle umayikidwa mbali ya Z-axis. Makina oyima awa akhoza kugawidwanso m'mitundu iwiri:
■Mafakitale ogona, momwe spindle imayenda motsatira mzere wake pomwe tebulo limayenda molunjika ku mzere wa spindle.
■Mafakitale a Turret, momwe spindle imakhala yosasuntha ndipo tebulo limasunthidwa kotero kuti nthawi zonse limakhala lolunjika komanso lofanana ndi mzere wa spindle panthawi yodula.
Pa malo opangira makina opingasa, mzere wa spindle wa mphero umayikidwa mbali ya Y-axis. Kapangidwe kake kopingasa kamatanthauza kuti mphero izi zimatenga malo ambiri pansi pa malo opangira makina; nthawi zambiri zimakhala zolemera komanso zamphamvu kuposa makina oyima.
Mphero yopingasa nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati pakufunika kumalizidwa bwino; izi zili choncho chifukwa chakuti kulunjika kwa spindle kumatanthauza kuti tchipisi todula timagwa mwachibadwa ndipo timachotsedwa mosavuta. (Monga phindu lowonjezera, kuchotsa tchipisi bwino kumathandiza kuwonjezera nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito chida.)
Kawirikawiri, malo opangira makina oimirira ndi ofala kwambiri chifukwa amatha kukhala amphamvu ngati malo opangira makina oimirira ndipo amatha kugwira zinthu zazing'ono kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, malo oimirira ali ndi malo ochepa kuposa malo opangira makina oimirira.
Mafakitale a CNC okhala ndi axis yambiri
Malo opangira mphero a CNC olondola amapezeka ndi ma axes angapo. Mphero ya 3-axis imagwiritsa ntchito ma axes a X, Y, ndi Z pa ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ndi mphero ya 4-axis, makinawo amatha kuzungulira molunjika komanso mopingasa ndikusuntha chogwirira ntchito kuti alole kuti ntchito yopangira mphero ikhale yopitilira.
Mphero ya 5-axis ili ndi nkhwangwa zitatu zachikhalidwe ndi nkhwangwa zina ziwiri zozungulira, zomwe zimathandiza kuti workpiece izizunguliridwa pamene mutu wa spindle ukuzungulira. Izi zimathandiza kuti mbali zisanu za workpiece zipangidwe popanda kuchotsa workpiece ndikuyikanso makinawo.
Ma lathe a CNC
Lathe — yomwe imatchedwanso malo otembenukira — ili ndi spindle imodzi kapena zingapo, ndi X ndi Z ax. Makinawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzungulira workpiece pa axis yake kuti achite ntchito zosiyanasiyana zodula ndi kupanga mawonekedwe, pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosiyanasiyana pa workpiece.
Ma lathe a CNC, omwe amatchedwanso ma lathe a live action tooling, ndi abwino kwambiri popanga zigawo zozungulira kapena zozungulira. Monga ma CNC mills, ma lathe a CNC amatha kugwira ntchito zazing'ono monga ma prototyping koma amathanso kukhazikitsidwa kuti azibwerezabwereza kwambiri, kuthandizira kupanga kwakukulu.
Ma lathe a CNC amathanso kukhazikitsidwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito popanda kugwiritsa ntchito manja, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale a magalimoto, zamagetsi, ndege, maloboti, ndi zida zamankhwala.
Momwe CNC lathe imagwirira ntchito
Pogwiritsa ntchito lathe ya CNC, mzere wopanda kanthu wa zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito umayikidwa mu chuck ya spindle ya lathe. Chuck iyi imasunga workpiece pamalo ake pamene spindle ikuzungulira. Spindle ikafika pa liwiro lofunikira, chida chodulira chosasuntha chimalumikizidwa ndi workpiece kuti chichotse zinthuzo ndikupeza geometry yoyenera.
Lathe ya CNC imatha kugwira ntchito zingapo, monga kuboola, kulumikiza ulusi, kuboola, kulumikiza, kuyang'ana, ndi kutembenuza zinthu mopepuka. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimafuna kusintha zida ndipo zimatha kuwonjezera ndalama ndi nthawi yokhazikitsa.
Ntchito zonse zofunika pa makina zikamalizidwa, gawolo limadulidwa kuchokera m'sitolo kuti likonzedwenso, ngati pakufunika kutero. Kenako lathe ya CNC imakhala yokonzeka kubwereza ntchitoyo, popanda nthawi yowonjezera yowonjezera yomwe nthawi zambiri imafunika pakati.
Ma lathe a CNC amathanso kukhala ndi ma feeder osiyanasiyana odzipangira okha, omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu zopangira ndi manja ndikupereka zabwino monga izi:
■ Kuchepetsa nthawi ndi khama zomwe wogwiritsa ntchito makina amafunika
■ Thandizani barstock kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka komwe kungakhudze kulondola bwino
■ Lolani chida cha makina kuti chigwire ntchito pa liwiro labwino kwambiri la spindle
■ Chepetsani nthawi yosinthira
■ Chepetsani kutayika kwa zinthu
Mitundu ya ma lathe a CNC
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma lathe, koma yodziwika kwambiri ndi ma lathe a CNC a 2-axis ndi ma lathe odzipangira okha a ku China.
Ma lathe ambiri a CNC ku China amagwiritsa ntchito spindle imodzi kapena ziwiri zazikulu kuphatikiza spindle imodzi kapena ziwiri zakumbuyo (kapena zachiwiri), ndipo rotary transfer ndiye amachititsa ntchito yoyamba. Spindle yayikulu imagwira ntchito yoyamba yopangira makina, mothandizidwa ndi guide bushing.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma lathe ena a ku China ali ndi mutu wachiwiri wa zida womwe umagwira ntchito ngati mphero ya CNC.
Pogwiritsa ntchito lathe yodzipangira yokha ya CNC China, zinthu zomwe zili mu lathe zimalowetsedwa kudzera mu spindle yotsetsereka kupita ku bushing yotsogolera. Izi zimathandiza chida kudula zinthuzo pafupi ndi malo omwe zinthuzo zimathandizira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makina aku China akhale othandiza kwambiri pazinthu zazitali komanso zopyapyala komanso pa micromachining.
Malo osinthira a CNC okhala ndi ma axis ambiri ndi ma lathe achikhalidwe cha China amatha kugwira ntchito zingapo zomangira pogwiritsa ntchito makina amodzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale njira yotsika mtengo yogwiritsira ntchito ma geometries ovuta omwe angafunike makina angapo kapena kusintha zida pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga mphero yachikhalidwe ya CNC.