Precision Machining ndi njira yochotsera zinthu zogwirira ntchito mukamayesetsa kulolerana. Makina mwatsatanetsatane ali ndi mitundu yambiri, kuphatikiza mphero, kutembenuka ndi kugwiritsira ntchito magetsi. Makina olondola masiku ano amayang'aniridwa pogwiritsa ntchito Computer Numerical Controls (CNC).
Pafupifupi zinthu zonse zachitsulo zimagwiritsa ntchito makina osakanikirana, monganso zinthu zina zambiri monga pulasitiki ndi matabwa. Makinawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri amisiri komanso ophunzitsidwa bwino. Kuti chida chodulira chikwaniritse ntchito yake, chimayenera kusunthidwa munjira zomwe zidafotokozedweratu kuti zidule moyenera. Kuyenda koyambirira kumeneku kumatchedwa "liwiro lodula." Chojambuliracho chitha kusunthidwanso, chotchedwa kuyenda kwachiwiri kwa "chakudya." Pamodzi, izi komanso kuwongola kwa chida chodulira zimalola makina kuti agwiritse ntchito.
Makina mwatsatanetsatane amafunika kutsata maluso apadera opangidwa ndi CAD (kapangidwe kothandizidwa ndi makompyuta) kapena mapulogalamu a CAM (othandizira makompyuta) monga AutoCAD ndi TurboCAD. Pulogalamuyo imatha kutulutsa zojambula zovuta, zazithunzi zitatu kapena zigawo zofunikira kuti apange chida, makina kapena chinthu. Ndondomekozi ziyenera kutsatiridwa mwatsatanetsatane kuti zitsimikizire kuti chinthucho chimasungabe umphumphu. Ngakhale makampani opanga makina ambiri amagwira ntchito ndi mitundu ina ya mapulogalamu a CAD / CAM, amagwirabe ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi zojambula zojambula pamanja koyambirira kwa kapangidwe kake.
Makina mwatsatanetsatane amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zingapo kuphatikiza chitsulo, bronze, graphite, magalasi ndi mapulasitiki kungotchulapo zochepa. Kutengera kukula kwa polojekitiyo ndi zida zomwe zigwiritsidwe ntchito, zida zosiyanasiyana zadongosolo zogwiritsa ntchito. Kuphatikizana kulikonse kwa makina, makina opangira makina, makina osakira, macheka ndi zopera, ngakhale ma roboti othamanga atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Makampani opanga ndege amatha kugwiritsa ntchito makina othamanga kwambiri, pomwe mafakitale opanga zida angagwiritse ntchito makina okongoletsa zithunzi ndi mphero. Kutuluka kothamanga, kapena kuchuluka kwa chinthu china chilichonse, kumatha kuwerengedwa masauzande, kapena kungokhala ochepa. Kukonzekera mwatsatanetsatane nthawi zambiri kumafuna mapulogalamu azipangizo za CNC zomwe zikutanthauza kuti amayendetsedwa ndi makompyuta. Chipangizo cha CNC chimalola kuti miyeso yeniyeni itsatidwe nthawi yonse yomwe mankhwala akupangidwa.
Mphero ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito odulira ozungulira kuti achotse zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito popititsa patsogolo (kapena kudyetsa) wodulawo kuti azigwiranso ntchito panjira ina. Wodulirayo amathanso kuchitidwa pakona poyerekeza ndi chida. Mphero imakhudza zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi makina, pamiyeso kuyambira kumagawo ang'onoang'ono mpaka kugawo lalikulu, lolemera kwambiri. Ndi imodzi mwanjira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga zida zachikhalidwe kuti zilekerere.
Mphero zitha kuchitika ndi zida zambiri zamakina. Makina oyambira zida zamphero anali makina amphero (omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mphero). Pakubwera makina owerengera makompyuta (CNC), makina amphero adasinthidwa kukhala malo opangira zida: makina opangira makina opangidwa ndi osintha zida zodziwikiratu, zida zamagalimoto kapena ma carousels, kuthekera kwa CNC, makina oziziritsa, komanso malo otsekera. Malo mphero amakhala wachinsinsi monga malo ofukula Machining (VMCs) kapena malo yopingasa Machining (HMCs).
Kuphatikizidwa kwa mphero kukhala malo osandulika, komanso mosemphanitsa, kunayamba ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zokhazikitsira ma lathes komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphero nthawi zina potembenuza ntchito. Izi zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zida zatsopano zama makina, makina opanga ma multitasking (MTMs), omwe amapangidwa kuti athandizire kugaya ndikusintha mu emvulopu yomweyo.
Kwa akatswiri opanga mapangidwe, magulu a R & D, ndi opanga omwe amadalira gawo lina, kutsata mwatsatanetsatane kwa CNC kumalola kuti pakhale magawo ovuta popanda kuwonjezeranso. M'malo mwake, kusanja mwatsatanetsatane kwa CNC nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa kuti magawo omalizidwa apangidwe pamakina amodzi.
Makinawa amachotsa zinthu ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zida zocheka zosiyanasiyana kuti apange gawo lomaliza, ndipo nthawi zambiri lovuta kwambiri. Mulingo wolondola umalimbikitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina owerengera makompyuta (CNC), omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira zida zamagetsi.
Udindo wa "CNC" mu Machining mwatsatanetsatane
Pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu aukadaulo, kusanja mwatsatanetsatane kwa CNC kumalola chojambulacho kuti chidulidwe ndikupangika kuzinthu popanda kuchitapo kanthu ndi makina.
Potenga mtundu wothandizidwa ndi makompyuta (CAD) woperekedwa ndi kasitomala, waluso waluso amagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yothandizira pakompyuta (CAM) kuti apange malangizo osinthira gawolo. Kutengera mtundu wa CAD, pulogalamuyo imazindikira njira zomwe zingafunikire ndikupanga pulogalamu yama pulogalamu yomwe imauza makinawo:
■ Kodi ma RPM ndi mitengo ya chakudya yolondola ndiyotani
■ Nthawi ndi malo oti musunthire chida ndi / kapena workpiece
■ Kudula kwambiri
■ Nthawi yoti muzigwiritsa ntchito yozizira
■ Zina zilizonse zokhudzana ndi kuthamanga, kuchuluka kwa chakudya, komanso kulumikizana
Wowongolera CNC ndiye amagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yoyang'anira, kuwongolera, ndikuwunika mayendedwe amakina.
Masiku ano, CNC ndi chida chomangidwa ndi zida zosiyanasiyana, kuyambira kumakina, mphero, ndi ma routers kupita ku waya wa EDM (makina opangira magetsi), makina a laser, ndi plasma. Kuphatikiza pakupanga makinawo ndikuwongolera mwatsatanetsatane, CNC imachotsa ntchito zamanja ndikumasula amisiri kuyang'anira makina angapo othamanga nthawi yomweyo.
Kuphatikiza apo, njira yazida ikapangidwa ndipo makina adakonzedwa, imatha kuyendetsa gawo kangapo. Izi zimapereka kuwonetsetsa bwino komanso kubwereza, komwe kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yotsika mtengo komanso yosavuta.
Zipangizo zomwe zimapangidwa
Zitsulo zina zomwe zimapangidwa kawiri kawiri ndizopanga aluminiyamu, mkuwa, bronze, mkuwa, chitsulo, titaniyamu, ndi zinc. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhuni, thovu, fiberglass, ndi mapulasitiki monga polypropylene amathanso kupangika.
M'malo mwake, pafupifupi chilichonse chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsatanetsatane CNC Machining - Zachidziwikire, kutengera kugwiritsa ntchito ndi zofunika zake.
Ubwino wina wa mwatsatanetsatane mwatsatanetsatane CNC
Pazinthu zambiri zazing'ono zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zingapo zopangidwa, kutsata mwatsatanetsatane kwa CNC nthawi zambiri kumakhala njira yodzipangira.
Monga momwe ziliri ndi njira zonse zodulira ndi kugwirira ntchito, zida zosiyanasiyana zimachita mosiyanasiyana, ndipo kukula ndi mawonekedwe a chinthu chimathandizanso pantchitoyi. Komabe, kwakukulu njira yolondola ya CNC imapereka zabwino kuposa njira zina zakusakira.
Izi ndichifukwa choti Machining a CNC amatha kupulumutsa:
■ Kuchulukitsitsa kwa gawo
■ Zolekerera zolimba, kuyambira pa ± 0.0002 "(± 0.00508 mm) mpaka ± 0.0005" (± 0.0127 mm)
■ Kumalizira kwapamwamba kosalala, kuphatikiza kumaliza mwambo
■ Kubwereza, ngakhale pamiyeso yayikulu
Ngakhale mmisiri waluso atha kugwiritsa ntchito lathe yopangira buku kuti apange gawo labwino mu 10 kapena 100, chimachitika ndi chiyani mukamafuna magawo 1,000? Magawo 10,000? 100,000 kapena miliyoni miliyoni?
Ndi machining mwatsatanetsatane wa CNC, mutha kupeza scalability ndi liwiro lofunikira pamtunduwu wazopanga kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kubwereza kwakukulu kwamakina mwatsatanetsatane a CNC kumakupatsani magawo omwe ali ofanana kuyambira koyambirira mpaka kumapeto, ngakhale mutapanga magawo angati.
Pali njira zodziwika bwino kwambiri za machining a CNC, kuphatikiza waya wa EDM (kutulutsa kwamagetsi kwamagetsi), makina owonjezera, ndi makina osindikizira a 3D. Mwachitsanzo, waya wa EDM imagwiritsa ntchito zida zopangira - makamaka zitsulo - ndi zotulutsa zamagetsi kuti zikokere chopangira mu mawonekedwe ovuta.
Komabe, apa tiziwona za mphero ndi njira zosinthira - njira ziwiri zochotsera zomwe zimapezeka ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupipafupi makina a CNC.
Mphero vs. kutembenuka
Mphero ndi njira yosakira yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito chida chodulira chozungulira, kuchotsa zinthu ndikupanga mawonekedwe. Zipangizo zopera, zomwe zimadziwika kuti mphero kapena malo opangira makina, zimakwaniritsa chilengedwe chazida zamagetsi pazinthu zazikulu kwambiri zachitsulo.
Chofunika kwambiri pa mphero ndikuti cholembedwacho chimakhala chilibe pomwe chida chodulira chimazungulira. Mwanjira ina, pamphero, chida chodulira chomwe chimazungulira chimayenda mozungulira chogwirira ntchito, chomwe chimakhala chokhazikika pabedi.
Kutembenuka ndi njira yodula kapena kupanga kapangidwe kazinthu pazida zotchedwa lathe. Nthawi zambiri, lathe imazungulira chilinganizo chazitali kapena chopingasa pomwe chida chodulira (chomwe chingakhale kapena sichikuzungulira) chimayenda limodzi ndi olinganiza.
Chidacho sichingayende mozungulira gawolo. Zinthu zimazungulira, kulola kuti chida chizigwira ntchito zomwe zidapangidwa. (Pali kagawo kakang'ono kamene zida zimagwirira ntchito mozungulira waya wodyetsedwa ndi spool, komabe, zomwe sizinatchulidwe pano.)
Potembenukira, mosiyana ndi mphero, chopangira ntchito chimazungulira. Gawo lazinthu limatembenukira pazitsulo za lathe ndipo chida chodulira chimakhudzana ndi workpiece.
Buku motsutsana ndi CNC
Ngakhale mphero zonse ndi ma lathes amapezeka pamankhwala otsogola, makina a CNC ndioyenera kwambiri pazinthu zazing'ono zopangira - zopereka kusinthasintha ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kupanga voliyumu yayikulu yazigawo zolekerera.
Kuphatikiza pakupereka makina osavuta a 2-axis pomwe chida chimasunthira mu X ndi Z nkhwangwa, zida za CNC mwatsatanetsatane zimaphatikizira mitundu ya olamulira angapo momwe ntchitoyo imasunthiranso. Izi ndizosiyana ndi lathe pomwe chogwirira ntchito chimangokhala kupota ndipo zida zidzasunthira kuti apange geometry yomwe mukufuna.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwama axis angapo kumathandizira kuti apange ma geometri ovuta kwambiri mu ntchito imodzi, osasowa ntchito yowonjezerapo ndi woyendetsa makina. Izi sizimangopangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupanga magawo ovuta, komanso zimachepetsa kapena kuthetseratu mwayi wazolakwika za ogwiritsa ntchito.
Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito kozizira kozizira kwambiri komanso kogometsa kwa CNC kumatsimikizira kuti tchipisi sichilowa muntchito, ngakhale mutagwiritsa ntchito makina okhala ndi cholumikizira chowoneka bwino.
Mphero za CNC
Makina osiyana mphero amasiyana kukula kwake, masanjidwe olamulira, mitengo yazakudya, kuthamanga mwachangu, malangizo amphero, ndi mawonekedwe ena.
Komabe, makamaka, mphero za CNC zonse zimagwiritsa ntchito chopota chozungulira kuti zithetse zinthu zosafunikira. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula zitsulo zolimba monga chitsulo ndi titaniyamu koma amathanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zinthu monga pulasitiki ndi aluminium.
Mphero za CNC zimamangidwa mobwerezabwereza ndipo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazonse kuyambira pakupanga mpaka kupanga voliyumu yayikulu. Mkulu-mapeto mwatsatanetsatane CNC mphero nthawi zambiri ntchito ntchito zolimba kulolerana monga mphero chabwino amamwalira ndi amatha kuumba.
Ngakhale mphero ya CNC imatha kutulutsa zinthu mwachangu, kumaliza kwamakina ophatikizika kumapangitsa mbali kukhala ndi zida zoonekera. Itha kupanganso magawo okhala ndi m'mbali mwake komanso ma burr, motero njira zina zitha kufunidwa ngati m'mbali ndi burr sizilandiridwa ndi izi.
Zachidziwikire, zida zotsalira zomwe zidakonzedwa munthawiyo zidzawonongeka, ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimakwaniritsa 90% ya zomwe zatsirizidwa kwambiri, kusiya zina kuti zithe kumaliza.
Ponena za kumaliza kwa pamwamba, pali zida zomwe zimangotulutsa osati zovomerezeka zokha, komanso zomalizira ngati magalasi pazigawo zina za ntchito.
Mitundu ya mphero za CNC
The mitundu iwiri ya makina mphero amadziwika ngati malo ofukula Machining ndi malo yopingasa Machining, kumene kusiyana chachikulu ndi lathu la makina spindle.
A ofukula Machining ndi mphero imene olamulira spindle ndi limagwirizana mu malangizo Z-olamulira. Makina ofukulawa akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:
■ Mphero za pogona, momwe ulusi wopunthira umayenda molumikizana ndi olamulira ake pomwe tebulo limayenda mozungulira molowera ndi chopotera
■ Zipilala za Turret, momwe chopunthira chimayimilira ndipo tebulo limasunthidwa kotero kuti limakhala lopendekeka nthawi zonse komanso lofanana ndi cholumikizira cholumikizira panthawi yopanga
Pakatikati yopingasa yopingasa, cholumikizira cholumikizira chimagwirizana ndi njira yolumikizira Y. Kapangidwe kopingasa kamatanthauza kuti mphero izi zimatenga malo ambiri pamalo ogulitsira makina; imakhalanso yolemera kwambiri komanso yamphamvu kuposa makina ofukula.
Mphero yopingasa imagwiritsidwa ntchito ikafunika kumapeto kwa nthaka; ndichifukwa choti mawonekedwe a spindle amatanthauza kuti tchipisi todulira mwachilengedwe timagwa ndipo timachotsedwa mosavuta. (Monga phindu lina, kuchotsedwa kwa chip koyenera kumathandizira kukulitsa chida chazida.)
Mwambiri, malo opangira makina amafala kwambiri chifukwa amatha kukhala olimba ngati malo opangira makina ndipo amatha kuthana ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, malo ofukula amakhala ndi zotsalira zochepa kuposa malo opangira makina.
Mipikisano olamulira CNC mphero
Mwatsatanetsatane CNC malo mphero zilipo ndi nkhwangwa angapo. Mphero yazitsulo 3 imagwiritsa ntchito nkhwangwa X, Y, ndi Z pogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana. Ndi mphero ya 4-axis, makinawo amatha kuzungulira mozungulira komanso mopingasa ndikusunthira cholembedwacho kuti chithandizire kupitilira muyeso.
Mphero ya 5-axis imakhala ndi nkhwangwa zitatu zachikhalidwe ndi nkhwangwa zowonjezera zowonjezerapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo izizungulira pamene mutu wopota ukuyenda mozungulira. Izi zimathandizira kuti mbali zisanu za workpiece zizipangika popanda kuchotsa chojambulacho ndikukhazikitsanso makina.
Lathes CNC
Chitsulo chotchedwa lathe - chomwe chimatchedwanso malo otembenukira - chimakhala ndi cholumikizira chimodzi kapena zingapo, ndi nkhwangwa X ndi Z. Makinawo amagwiritsidwa ntchito potembenuza chogwirira ntchito pamulingo wake kuti achite ntchito zosiyanasiyana zodula ndi kupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zingapo pantchitoyo.
Lathes CNC, amatchedwanso moyo kanthu tooling lathes, ndi abwino polenga symmetrical cylindrical kapena ozungulira mbali. Monga mphero za CNC, ma lathes a CNC amatha kuthana ndi zochitika zing'onozing'ono zoterezi koma amathanso kukhazikitsidwa kuti athe kubwerezabwereza kwambiri, ndikuthandizira kupanga voliyumu yayikulu.
Lathes CNC nawonso kukhazikitsa kupanga ndi manja wopanda, zomwe zimawapangitsa ankagwiritsa ntchito mu magalimoto, zamagetsi, Azamlengalenga, maloboti, ndi mafakitale chipangizo mankhwala.
Momwe lathe ya CNC imagwirira ntchito
Ndi lathe CNC, bala yopanda kanthu yazinthu zonse imadzaza mu chuck ya spindle ya lathe. Chidutswachi chimagwira chogwirira ntchito m'malo pomwe chopota chimazungulira. Chingwecho chikafika pa liwiro lofunika, chida chodulira chosasunthika chimakumana ndi chojambuliracho kuti chichotse zakuthupi ndikukwaniritsa masanjidwe oyenera.
Lathe CNC akhoza kuchita ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga kuboola ulusi, wotopetsa, reaming, akukumana, ndi taper kutembenukira. Ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimafuna kusintha kwa zida ndipo zimatha kuwonjezera mtengo ndi nthawi yakukhazikitsa.
Ntchito zonse zogwiritsa ntchito pomaliza zikamalizidwa, gawolo limadulidwa pamtengo kuti lipitilize kukonza, ngati pakufunika kutero. The lathe CNC ndiye wokonzeka kubwereza ntchito, ndi pang'ono kapena ayi nthawi zina dongosolo zina zofunika pakati.
Lathes CNC akhoza akomere zosiyanasiyana feeders basi basi, amene amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa akuchitira Buku zopangira ndi kupereka ubwino monga zotsatirazi:
■ Kuchepetsa nthawi ndi khama zofunika kwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito makinawo
■ Thandizani chotchingira kuti muchepetse kugwedezeka komwe kumatha kusokoneza kulondola
■ Lolani chida chamakina kuti chizigwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri
■ Chepetsani nthawi zosintha
■ Chepetsani zinyalala zakuthupi
Mitundu ya lathes CNC
Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya lathes, koma ambiri ndi 2-olamulira CNC lathes ndi China kalembedwe lathes basi.
Ma lathes ambiri a China China amagwiritsa ntchito spindle imodzi kapena ziwiri kuphatikiza chimodzi kapena ziwiri zokhotakhota (kapena zachiwiri), zosinthira mozungulira zomwe zimayang'anira zakale. Chitsulo chachikulu chimagwira ntchito yoyamba, pogwiritsa ntchito bushing.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma lathes ena aku China amabwera okhala ndi mutu wachiwiri wazida womwe umagwira ngati mphero ya CNC.
Ndi lathe ya CNC ya China yodziwikiratu, zinthu zomwe zimayikidwa zimadyetsedwa kudzera pamutu wopendekera ndikuwongolera bushing. Izi zimathandizira kuti chida choduliracho chifike pomwe chimathandizidwacho, ndikupangitsa makina aku China kukhala opindulitsa makamaka pazinthu zazitali, zowonda komanso zopangira micromachining.
Mipikisano olamulira CNC malo kutembenukira ndi lathes China kalembedwe akhoza kuchita ntchito angapo Machining ntchito makina limodzi. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala njira yotsika mtengo yamajometri ovuta omwe angafunike makina angapo kapena kusintha kwa zida pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga mphero ya CNC.