M'magawo ang'onoang'ono monga kupanga semiconductor ndi kuyeza kolondola kwachulukidwe, komwe kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi malo amagetsi, ngakhale kusokonezeka pang'ono kwamagetsi pazida kumatha kuyambitsa kupatuka, kukhudza mtundu womaliza wazinthu ndi zotsatira zoyesera. Monga chigawo chofunikira chothandizira zida zolondola, mawonekedwe a maginito a mapulatifomu olondola a granite akhala chinthu chofunikira pakuwonetsetsa kuti zidazo zikugwira ntchito mokhazikika. Kuwunika mozama momwe maginito amagwirira ntchito pamapulatifomu olondola a granite kumathandizira kumvetsetsa kufunikira kwake kosasinthika pakupanga kwapamwamba komanso kafukufuku wasayansi. Granite imapangidwa makamaka ndi mchere monga quartz, feldspar ndi mica. Mapangidwe amagetsi a makristasi amcherewa amatsimikizira mawonekedwe a maginito a granite. Kuchokera ku kawonedwe kakang'ono, mkati mwa mchere monga quartz (SiO_2) ndi feldspar (monga potaziyamu feldspar (KAlSi_3O_8)), ma elekitironi amakhalapo awiriawiri mkati mwa covalent kapena ionic bond. Malinga ndi mfundo yopatulapo ya Pauli mu quantum mechanics, ma spin mayendedwe a ma elekitironi omwe ali pawiri ndi osiyana, ndipo mphindi zawo za maginito zimasiyanirana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyankha konse kwa mchere kudera lakunja kukhala lofooka kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, granite ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino cha diamagnetic chokhala ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri ya maginito, nthawi zambiri mozungulira \(-10 ^{-5}\), yomwe imatha kunyalanyazidwa. Poyerekeza ndi zitsulo zachitsulo, mwayi wa maginito wa granite ndiwofunika kwambiri. Zida zambiri zachitsulo monga chitsulo ndi zinthu za ferromagnetic kapena paramagnetic, zomwe zimakhala ndi ma elekitironi ambiri osalumikizana mkati. Kuthamanga kwa maginito kwa ma electrons amatha kusuntha mofulumira ndikugwirizanitsa pansi pa zochitika za kunja kwa maginito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maginito azitha kutengeka ndi zitsulo zachitsulo monga momwe \ (10 ^ 2-10 ^ 6 \). Pakakhala maginito amagetsi kuchokera kunja, zida zachitsulo zimalumikizana mwamphamvu ndi maginito, ndikupanga mafunde a electromagnetic eddy ndi kutayika kwa hysteresis, zomwe zimasokoneza magwiridwe antchito amagetsi mkati mwa zida. Mapulatifomu olondola a granite, omwe ali ndi mphamvu yotsika kwambiri ya maginito, samalumikizana ndi maginito akunja, kupeweratu kusokoneza kwa ma electromagnetic ndikupanga malo okhazikika opangira zida zolondola. Muzochita zenizeni, kutsika kwamphamvu kwa maginito pamapulatifomu olondola a granite kumakhala ndi gawo lalikulu. M'makompyuta a quantum, ma superconducting qubits amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi phokoso lamagetsi. Ngakhale kusintha kwa maginito kwa 1nT (nanotesla) kungayambitse kutayika kwa mgwirizano wa qubits, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zolakwika. Gulu lina la kafukufuku litasintha malo oyesera ndi zinthu za granite, phokoso lakumbuyo la maginito kuzungulira zidazo linatsika kwambiri kuchokera ku 5nT kufika pansi pa 0.1nT. Nthawi yogwirizana ya ma qubits idakulitsidwa katatu, ndipo kulakwitsa kwa ntchito kunachepetsedwa ndi 80%, kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika ndi kulondola kwa quantum computing. M'munda wa zida za semiconductor lithography, gwero lowunikira kwambiri la ultraviolet ndi masensa olondola panthawi ya lithography ali ndi zofunika kwambiri pachilengedwe chamagetsi. Pambuyo potengera nsanja yolondola ya granite, zidazo zidakana kusokonezedwa ndi ma elekitiroma akunja, ndipo malo ake adawongoleredwa kuchoka pa ± 10nm mpaka ± 3nm, zomwe zidapereka chitsimikizo cholimba chakupanga kokhazikika kwa njira zapamwamba za 7nm ndi pansi. Kuphatikiza apo, mu ma microscopes olondola kwambiri a ma elekitironi, zida za nyukiliya zamaginito zamaginito ndi zida zina zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi malo amagetsi amagetsi, nsanja zolondola za granite zimatsimikiziranso kuti zidazo zitha kuchita bwino chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo kwa maginito. Chiwopsezo cha pafupifupi zero maginito cha nsanja zolondola za granite zimawapangitsa kukhala chisankho chabwino pazida zolondola kuti zisasokoneze kusokonezedwa ndi ma elekitiroma. Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo kumayendedwe olondola kwambiri komanso ovuta kwambiri, zofunikira pamagetsi amagetsi amagetsi zikuchulukirachulukira. Mapulatifomu olondola a granite, omwe ali ndi mwayi wapaderawu, akuyenera kupitiliza kugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga kwapamwamba kwambiri komanso kafukufuku wasayansi wotsogola, kuthandiza makampaniwa nthawi zonse kupyola zopinga zaukadaulo ndikufika patali zatsopano.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-14-2025