M'munda wa kupanga mwatsatanetsatane, malingaliro olakwika omwe anthu ambiri amawaona ndi akuti "kuchuluka kwambiri = kulimba kwambiri = kulondola kwambiri". Pansi pa miyala ya granite, yokhala ndi kachulukidwe ka 2.6-2.8g/cm³ (7.86g/cm³ yachitsulo chonyezimira), yakwanitsa kupitilira ma micrometer kapena ma nanometer. Kumbuyo kwa chodabwitsa ichi cha "counter-intuitive" pali mgwirizano wakuya wa mineralogy, mechanics ndi processing process. Zotsatirazi zikusanthula mfundo zake zasayansi kuchokera kuzinthu zinayi zazikulu.
1. Kachulukidwe ≠ Kukhazikika: Udindo wofunikira wamapangidwe azinthu
"Chisa chachirengedwe" cha kristalo cha granite
Granite imapangidwa ndi makristasi amchere monga quartz (SiO₂) ndi feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈), omwe amalumikizana kwambiri ndi ma ionic / covalent bond, kupanga cholumikizira cholumikizira ngati zisa. Kapangidwe kameneka kamakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera:
Mphamvu yopondereza ikufanana ndi yachitsulo chonyezimira: kufika 100-200 mpa (100-250 mpa yachitsulo chotupitsa), koma modulus yotanuka ndi yotsika (70-100 gpa vs 160-200 gpa ya chitsulo choponyedwa), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndizochepa kuti ziwonongeke pulasitiki pansi pa mphamvu.
Kutulutsa kwachilengedwe kwa kupsinjika kwamkati: Granite wakalamba zaka mazana mamiliyoni azaka za geological process, ndipo kupsinjika kotsalira kwamkati kumayandikira zero. Pamene chitsulo chachitsulo chakhazikika (ndi mlingo wozizira> 50 ℃ / s), kupsinjika kwamkati mpaka 50-100 mpa kumapangidwa, komwe kumafunika kuchotsedwa ndi annealing yochita kupanga. Ngati mankhwala si bwinobwino, sachedwa mapindikidwe pa ntchito yaitali.
2. "Mipikisano-defect" zitsulo kapangidwe ka chitsulo
Cast iron ndi iron-carbon alloy, ndipo ili ndi zolakwika monga flake graphite, pores ndi shrinkage porosity mkati.
Matrix opatukana a graphite: Flake graphite ndi yofanana ndi "microcracks" yamkati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa 30% -50% m'malo enieni onyamula katundu wachitsulo choponyedwa. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu yopondereza imakhala yochuluka, mphamvu yosinthika imakhala yochepa (1 / 5-1 / 10 yokha ya mphamvu yowonongeka), ndipo imakonda kusweka chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwa m'deralo.
Kuchulukana kwakukulu koma kugawa kwakukulu kosagwirizana: Chitsulo chachitsulo chimakhala ndi 2% mpaka 4% ya carbon. Pakuponyera, kugawanika kwa zinthu za kaboni kumatha kuyambitsa kusinthasintha kwa ± 3%, pomwe granite imakhala ndi kugawa kwamchere kopitilira 95%, kuwonetsetsa kukhazikika kwadongosolo.
Chachiwiri, mwayi wolondola wa kachulukidwe kakang'ono: kuponderezana kwapawiri kwa kutentha ndi kugwedezeka
"Ubwino wobadwa nawo" wowongolera kutentha kwamafuta
Coefficient of thermal expansion imasiyana kwambiri: granite ndi 0.6-5 × 10⁻⁶/℃, pamene chitsulo chachitsulo ndi 10-12 × 10⁻⁶/℃. Tengani maziko a 10 mita mwachitsanzo. Pamene kutentha kumasintha ndi 10 ℃:
Kukula kwa granite ndi kutsika: 0.06-0.5mm
Kukula kwachitsulo ndi kutsika: 1-1.2mm
Kusiyanaku kumapangitsa kuti granite ikhale "zero deformation" m'malo oyendetsedwa bwino ndi kutentha (monga ± 0.5 ℃ mu semiconductor workshop), pomwe chitsulo choponyedwa chimafunikira njira yowonjezera yolipirira kutentha.
Kusiyana kwa madulidwe amafuta: Thermal conductivity ya granite ndi 2-3W/(m · K), yomwe ndi 1/20-1/30 yokha ya chitsulo chonyezimira (50-80W/(m · K)). Pazida zotenthetsera (monga kutentha kwa injini kukafika 60 ℃), kutentha kwa pamwamba pa granite kumakhala kosakwana 0.5 ℃/m, pomwe chitsulo chotayidwa chimatha kufika 5-8 ℃/m, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kosafanana komweko komanso kukhudza kuwongoka kwa njanji yowongolera.
2. The "natural damping" zotsatira za kugwedera kuponderezedwa
M'malire amkati amagetsi amagetsi amagetsi: Kutsetsereka kwa ma micro-fractures ndi malire a tirigu pakati pa makhiristo a granite kumatha kuwononga mphamvu yakugwedezeka, ndi chiŵerengero cha 0.3-0.5 (pamene chitsulo choponyedwa ndi 0.05-0.1). Kuyesera kukuwonetsa kuti pakugwedezeka kwa 100Hz:
Zimatenga masekondi 0.1 kuti matalikidwe a granite awole mpaka 10%
Cast iron imatenga masekondi 0.8
Kusiyanitsa kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti granite ikhale yokhazikika nthawi yomweyo mu zipangizo zothamanga kwambiri (monga 2m / s kusanthula mutu wophimba), kupeŵa chilema cha "zizindikiro zogwedeza".
Zotsatira zakumbuyo za misa ya inertial: Kutsika kwapakati kumatanthauza kuti misa ndi yaying'ono mu voliyumu yomweyo, ndipo mphamvu ya inertial (F = ma) ndi mphamvu (p = mv) ya gawo losuntha ndi lotsika. Mwachitsanzo, 10-mita granite gantry frame (yolemera matani 12) ifulumizitsidwa kufika ku 1.5G poyerekeza ndi chitsulo chachitsulo (matani 20), mphamvu yoyendetsa galimoto imachepetsedwa ndi 40%, mphamvu yoyambira imachepa, ndipo kulondola kwa malo kumawonjezeka.
Iii. Kupambana mu "density-independent" kulondola kwaukadaulo waukadaulo
1. Kutha kusintha pakukonza kopitilira muyeso
"Crystal-level" kuyang'anira kugaya ndi kupukuta: Ngakhale kuuma kwa granite (6-7 pa sikelo ya Mohs) ndipamwamba kuposa chitsulo chosungunula (4-5 pamlingo wa Mohs), kapangidwe kake ka mchere ndi yunifolomu ndipo ikhoza kuchotsedwa ndi diamondi abrasive + magnetorheological polishing ( single polishing makulidwe < 10nm ), ndi pamwamba pa μm roughness ( 0mi. Komabe, chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta graphite muzitsulo zotayidwa, "furplough effect" imakonda kuchitika pakupera, ndipo kuuma kwapamwamba kumakhala kovuta kukhala kochepa kuposa Ra 0.8μm.
The "otsika nkhawa" mwayi CNC Machining: Pokonza granite, mphamvu kudula ndi 1/3 chabe ya chitsulo chotayidwa (chifukwa otsika kachulukidwe ndi ang'onoang'ono zotanuka modulus), kulola kuthamanga kwambiri kasinthasintha (100,000 revolutions pa mphindi) ndi mitengo chakudya (5000mm/mphindi), kuchepetsa zida kuvala ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito bwino. Mlandu wina wamakina wa ma axis asanu ukuwonetsa kuti nthawi yopangira ma granite guide grooves ndi 25% yaifupi kuposa yachitsulo chonyezimira, pomwe kulondola kumasinthidwa kukhala ± 2μm.
2. Kusiyana kwa "cumulative effect" ya zolakwika za msonkhano
Kachitidwe kaketani kakuchepetsa kulemera kwa gawo: Zida monga ma mota ndi njanji zowongolera zophatikizidwa ndi zoyambira zocheperako zimatha kupeputsidwa nthawi imodzi. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya injini yofananira ikachepetsedwa ndi 30%, kutentha kwake ndi kugwedezeka kumachepanso, ndikupanga kuzungulira kwabwino kwa "kuwongolera bwino - kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu".
Kusungidwa kolondola kwanthawi yayitali: Kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa granite ndi kuwirikiza ka 15 kuposa chitsulo chonyezimira (quartz imalimbana ndi kukokoloka kwa asidi ndi alkali). M'malo a semiconductor acid nkhungu, kuuma kwapamtunda kumasintha pambuyo pa zaka 10 zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zosakwana 0.02μm, pamene chitsulo choponyedwa chiyenera kuphwanyidwa ndi kukonzedwa chaka chilichonse, ndi zolakwika zowonjezereka za ± 20μm.
Iv. Umboni Wamafakitale: Chitsanzo Chabwino Kwambiri Chakuchepa Kwambiri ≠ Kuchepa Kwambiri
Zida zoyesera za semiconductor
Zofananira za nsanja ina yowunikira mawafa:
2. Zida zamakono zowoneka bwino
Chowunikira chowunikira cha infrared cha NASA cha James Webb Telescope chopangidwa ndi granite. Ndiko kutengera mwayi wake wocheperako (kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa satellite payload) komanso kukulitsa kwamafuta otsika (okhazikika pa kutentha kwambiri -270 ℃) kuti kulondola kwa nano-level optical alignment kumatsimikizidwa, pomwe chiwopsezo chachitsulo chopanda chitsulo chimakhala chosasunthika pakutentha kocheperako chimachotsedwa.
Kutsiliza: "Counter-common sense" zatsopano mu sayansi yazinthu
Ubwino wolondola wa maziko a granite kwenikweni uli pakupambana kwazinthu za "kufanana kwamapangidwe> kachulukidwe, kukhazikika kwamphamvu kwamafuta> kukhazikika kosavuta". Sikuti kachulukidwe kake kocheperako kamakhala kofooka, komanso kadumphadumpha mwatsatanetsatane kudzera m'miyeso monga kuchepetsa inertia, kukhathamiritsa kuwongolera kwamafuta, ndikusinthira kukusintha kolondola kwambiri. Chochitika ichi chimasonyeza lamulo lalikulu la kupanga molondola: katundu wakuthupi ndi mgwirizano wokwanira wa magawo ambiri amitundu yambiri m'malo mongosonkhanitsa zizindikiro zokhazokha. Ndi chitukuko cha nanotechnology ndi kupanga zobiriwira, zipangizo zotsika kwambiri komanso zapamwamba za granite zikufotokozeranso malingaliro a mafakitale a "olemera" ndi "kuwala", "olimba" ndi "osinthasintha", akutsegula njira zatsopano zopangira zinthu zapamwamba.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-19-2025