Kodi ubwino wa malo opangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi wotani?

Kodi ubwino wa malo opangira zinthu zopangidwa ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi wotani?
Zopangira miyala yamtengo wapatali (granite yopangidwa ndi anthu yomwe imatchedwanso resin concrete) zakhala zikudziwika kwambiri mumakampani opanga zida zamakina kwa zaka zoposa 30 ngati zinthu zomangira.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero, ku Ulaya, chida chimodzi mwa zida 10 zilizonse zamakina chimagwiritsa ntchito mineral castings ngati bedi. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chosayenera, chidziwitso chosakwanira kapena cholakwika kungayambitse kukayikira ndi tsankho pa Mineral Castings. Chifukwa chake, popanga zida zatsopano, ndikofunikira kuwunika ubwino ndi kuipa kwa mineral castings ndikuziyerekeza ndi zipangizo zina.

Maziko a makina omanga nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magawo awiri: chitsulo chosungunuka, mineral casting (polymer ndi/kapena reactive resin concrete), chitsulo/welded structure (grouting/non-grouting) ndi miyala yachilengedwe (monga granite). Chida chilichonse chili ndi mawonekedwe akeake, ndipo palibe chida changwiro chomangira. Pokhapokha pofufuza ubwino ndi kuipa kwa chidacho malinga ndi zofunikira za kapangidwe kake, ndi pomwe chida choyenera chomangira chingasankhidwe.

Ntchito ziwiri zofunika kwambiri za zipangizo zomangira—zimatsimikizira mawonekedwe, malo ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, motsatana zimayika patsogolo zofunikira pakugwira ntchito (kusinthasintha, mphamvu ndi kutentha), zofunikira pakugwira ntchito/kapangidwe (kulondola, kulemera, makulidwe a khoma, kusavuta kwa njanji zowongolera) pakukhazikitsa zipangizo, makina oyendera ma media, zoyendera) ndi zofunikira pamtengo (mtengo, kuchuluka, kupezeka, mawonekedwe a makina).
I. Zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa zipangizo zomangira

1. Makhalidwe osasinthasintha

Muyeso woyezera mphamvu zosasunthika za maziko nthawi zambiri ndi kuuma kwa chinthucho—kusintha kochepa pansi pa katundu, osati mphamvu yayikulu. Pakusintha kosasunthika, kuyika kwa mchere kumatha kuonedwa ngati zinthu zofananira za isotropic zomwe zimatsatira lamulo la Hooke.

Kuchulukana ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zopangira mchere ndi 1/3 ya chitsulo chopangidwa. Popeza zinthu zopangira mchere ndi zitsulo zopangidwa zimakhala ndi kuuma komweko, pansi pa kulemera komweko, kuuma kwa zinthu zopangira zitsulo ndi zitsulo zopangidwa ndi mchere kumakhala kofanana popanda kuganizira momwe mawonekedwe ake amakhudzira. Nthawi zambiri, makulidwe a khoma la zinthu zopangira mchere nthawi zambiri amakhala katatu kuposa a zitsulo zopangidwa ndi chitsulo, ndipo kapangidwe kameneka sikabweretsa mavuto pankhani ya kapangidwe ka makina a chinthucho kapena chopangidwa ndi chitsulo. Zinthu zopangira mchere ndi zoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo osasinthika omwe amanyamula kupanikizika (monga mabedi, zothandizira, zipilala) ndipo sizoyenera kukhala mafelemu opyapyala ndi/kapena ang'onoang'ono (monga matebulo, ma pallet, zosinthira zida, magalimoto, zothandizira spindle). Kulemera kwa zigawo za kapangidwe kake nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepa chifukwa cha zida za opanga zinthu zopangira mchere, ndipo zinthu zopangira mchere zopitirira matani 15 nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa.

2. Makhalidwe amphamvu

Liwiro lozungulira ndi/kapena kuthamanga kwa shaft, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti magwiridwe antchito a makina azikhala ofunikira. Kuyika mwachangu, kusintha zida mwachangu, komanso kudyetsa mwachangu kumalimbitsa mphamvu ya makina komanso kusangalatsa kwa ziwalo za makina. Kuphatikiza pa kapangidwe ka gawo, kupotoka, kufalikira kwa zinthu, ndi kuuma kwa gawo kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mphamvu ya chinyezi cha chinthucho.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mineral castings kumapereka yankho labwino pamavuto awa. Chifukwa chakuti imayamwa kugwedezeka kowirikiza ka 10 kuposa chitsulo chachikhalidwe, imatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zachilengedwe.

Mu ntchito zopanga monga kupangira, zimatha kubweretsa kulondola kwambiri, khalidwe labwino pamwamba, komanso moyo wautali wa zida. Nthawi yomweyo, pankhani ya phokoso, kupangira kwa mchere kunachitanso bwino poyerekezera ndi kutsimikizira maziko, kupangira kwa transmission ndi zowonjezera za zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zamainjini akuluakulu ndi ma centrifuge. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa phokoso, kupangira kwa mchere kumatha kuchepetsa kuthamanga kwa phokoso ndi 20%.

3. Katundu wa kutentha

Akatswiri akuti pafupifupi 80% ya kusintha kwa zida zamakina kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha. Kusokonekera kwa njira monga magwero a kutentha mkati kapena kunja, kutentha koyambirira, kusintha ma workpiece, ndi zina zotero ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kusintha kwa kutentha. Kuti muthe kusankha zinthu zabwino kwambiri, ndikofunikira kufotokoza bwino zomwe zimafunikira pazinthuzo. Kutentha kwakukulu komanso kutentha kochepa kumalola kuti ma mineral castings akhale ndi kutentha kwabwino ku zotsatira za kutentha kwakanthawi (monga kusintha ma workpiece) komanso kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kozungulira. Ngati kutentha koyambirira kukufunika monga bedi lachitsulo kapena kutentha kwa bedi sikuloledwa, zida zotenthetsera kapena zoziziritsira zimatha kuponyedwa mwachindunji mu mineral castings kuti ziwongolere kutentha. Kugwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chothandizira kutentha chamtunduwu kungathandize kuchepetsa kusintha komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutentha, zomwe zimathandiza kukonza kulondola pamtengo wokwanira.

II. Zofunikira pa ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake

Kukhulupirika ndi chinthu chosiyanitsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mineral ndi zinthu zina. Kutentha kwakukulu kwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mineral ndi 45°C, ndipo pamodzi ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi mineral ndi zida zolondola kwambiri, zigawo ndi zinthu zopangidwa ndi mineral zimatha kupangidwa pamodzi.

Njira zamakono zopangiranso zinthu zingagwiritsidwenso ntchito pa malo opanda zinthu zopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mchere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo okhazikika komanso malo ogwirira ntchito omwe safuna kupangidwa. Monga zipangizo zina zoyambira, zopangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito mchere zimatsatira malamulo enaake omangira nyumba. Kukhuthala kwa khoma, zowonjezera zonyamula katundu, zoyika nthiti, njira zokwezera ndi kutsitsa zinthu zonse zimasiyana ndi zipangizo zina pamlingo winawake, ndipo ziyenera kuganiziridwa pasadakhale panthawi yopangira.

III. Zofunikira pa mtengo

Ngakhale kuli kofunikira kuganizira kuchokera pamalingaliro aukadaulo, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama kukuonetsa kufunika kwake. Kugwiritsa ntchito ma mineral castings kumathandiza mainjiniya kusunga ndalama zambiri zopangira ndi zogwirira ntchito. Kuphatikiza pa kusunga ndalama zogwirira ntchito, mineral castings, complementation yomaliza, ndi kukweza ndalama zoyendetsera zinthu (kusungiramo zinthu ndi mayendedwe) zonse zimachepetsedwa moyenerera. Poganizira ntchito yapamwamba ya mineral castings, iyenera kuonedwa ngati pulojekiti yonse. Ndipotu, ndikwanzeru kuyerekeza mtengo pamene maziko ayikidwa kapena atayikidwa kale. Mtengo woyambirira wokwera kwambiri ndi mtengo wa mineral castings nkhungu ndi zida, koma mtengo uwu ukhoza kuchepetsedwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali (zidutswa 500-1000 / nkhungu yachitsulo), ndipo kugwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka ndi pafupifupi zidutswa 10-15.

IV. Kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito

Monga zinthu zomangira, zinthu zomangira mchere nthawi zonse zimalowa m'malo mwa zinthu zomangira zachikhalidwe, ndipo chinsinsi cha chitukuko chake mwachangu chili mu zinthu zomangira mchere, nkhungu, ndi zomangira zokhazikika. Pakadali pano, zinthu zomangira mchere zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri a zida zamakina monga makina opukutira ndi makina othamanga kwambiri. Opanga makina opukutira akhala akutsogolera mu gawo la zida zamakina pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomangira mchere pa mabedi a makina. Mwachitsanzo, makampani odziwika padziko lonse lapansi monga ABA z&b, Bahmler, Jung, Mikrosa, Schaudt, Stude, ndi ena akhala akupindula nthawi zonse ndi damping, thermal inertia ndi umphumphu wa zinthu zomangira mchere kuti apeze kulondola kwakukulu komanso khalidwe labwino kwambiri pakupanga zinthu.

Ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zikuchulukirachulukira, makina opangira mineral akukondedwa kwambiri ndi makampani otsogola padziko lonse lapansi pantchito yopangira zida. Malo opangira mineral ali ndi kulimba kwabwino kwambiri ndipo amatha kuchotsa mphamvu zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi kuthamanga kwa mota yolunjika. Nthawi yomweyo, kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe kwa magwiridwe antchito abwino ogwedera ndi mota yolunjika kumatha kusintha kwambiri mtundu wa pamwamba pa workpiece ndi moyo wa ntchito ya gudumu lopukusira.