Nkhani - Kodi granite ndi yotani?

Kodi granite ndi yotani?

GraniteNdi mwala wofala kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, umadziwika ngati mwala wokongoletsera wa pinki, woyera, imvi, ndi wakuda. Ndi wamitundu yolimba mpaka yapakatikati. Miyala yake itatu yayikulu ndi feldspar, quartz, ndi mica, zomwe zimapezeka ngati muscovite wasiliva kapena biotite wakuda kapena zonse ziwiri. Mwa mchere uwu, feldspar ndi wodziwika kwambiri, ndipo quartz nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa 10 peresenti. Ma alkali feldspars nthawi zambiri amakhala a pinki, zomwe zimapangitsa granite wapinki kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mwala wokongoletsera. Granite imapanga maginito kuchokera ku magmas okhala ndi silica omwe ali pansi pa nthaka ya Dziko lapansi. Miyala yambiri imapanga matupi a granite omwe amapangidwa pafupi ndi maginito ochokera kumadzi otentha omwe matupi otere amatulutsa.

Kugawa

Mu gawo lapamwamba la QAPF la miyala ya plutonic (Streckeisen, 1976), munda wa granite umatanthauzidwa ndi kapangidwe ka modal ka quartz (Q 20 - 60%) ndi chiŵerengero cha P/(P + A) pakati pa 10 ndi 65. Munda wa granite uli ndi magawo awiri ang'onoang'ono: syenogranite ndi monzogranite. Miyala yokha yomwe imatuluka mkati mwa syenogranite ndi yomwe imaonedwa kuti ndi granite m'mabuku a Anglo-Saxon. M'mabuku aku Europe, miyala yomwe imatuluka mkati mwa syenogranite ndi monzogranite imatchedwa granite. Munda wa monzogranite unali ndi adamellite ndi quartz monzonite m'magulu akale. Subcommission for Rock Cassification imalimbikitsa posachedwapa kukana mawu akuti adamellite ndikutcha quartz monzonite yokha miyala yomwe imatuluka mkati mwa quartz monzonite field sensu stricto.

Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Avereji yapadziko lonse ya kapangidwe ka granite, potengera kulemera kwake,

kutengera kusanthula 2485:

SiO2 72.04% (silika)
Al2O3 14.42% (aluminiyamu)
K2O 4.12%
Na2O 3.69%
CaO 1.82%
FeO1.68%
Fe2O3 1.22%
MgO 0.71%
TiO2 0.30%
P2O5 0.12%
MnO 0.05%

Nthawi zonse imakhala ndi mchere wa quartz ndi feldspar, wokhala ndi kapena wopanda mitundu ina ya mchere (minerals accessory). Quartz ndi feldspar nthawi zambiri zimapatsa granite mtundu wowala, kuyambira pinki mpaka woyera. Mtundu wowala wa kumbuyoko umawonetsedwa ndi mchere wakuda wowonjezera. Chifukwa chake granite yakale imakhala ndi mawonekedwe a "mchere ndi tsabola". Miyala yowonjezera yodziwika kwambiri ndi black mica biotite ndi black amphibole hornblende. Pafupifupi miyala yonseyi ndi igneous (yolimba kuchokera ku magma) ndi plutonic (inatero mu thupi lalikulu, lobisika kwambiri kapena pluton). Kapangidwe ka tinthu ta granite - kusowa kwake nsalu - ndi umboni wa chiyambi chake cha plutonic. Mwala wokhala ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi granite ungapangidwe kudzera mu kusintha kwakutali komanso kwamphamvu kwa miyala ya sedimentary. Koma mwala wamtunduwu uli ndi nsalu yolimba ndipo nthawi zambiri umatchedwa granite gneiss.

Kuchulukana + Malo Osungunuka

Kuchuluka kwapakati kwake kuli pakati pa 2.65 ndi 2.75 g/cm3, mphamvu yake yokakamiza nthawi zambiri imakhala yoposa 200 MPa, ndipo kukhuthala kwake pafupi ndi STP ndi 3–6 • 1019 Pa·s. Kutentha kwa kusungunuka ndi 1215–1260 °C. Ili ndi kukhuthala kochepa kwa pulayimale koma kukhuthala kwachiwiri kwamphamvu.

Kupezeka kwa Mwala wa Granite

Imapezeka m'ma pluton akuluakulu m'makontinenti, m'madera omwe mtunda wa Dziko Lapansi wawonongeka kwambiri. Izi ndizomveka, chifukwa granite iyenera kuuma pang'onopang'ono pamalo obisika kwambiri kuti ipange mchere waukulu wotere. Ma pluton ang'onoang'ono kuposa makilomita 100 m'derali amatchedwa stocks, ndipo akuluakulu amatchedwa batholiths. Ma lava amaphulika padziko lonse lapansi, koma lava yokhala ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi granite (rhyolite) imaphulika m'makontinenti okha. Izi zikutanthauza kuti granite iyenera kupangidwa ndi kusungunuka kwa miyala ya kontinenti. Izi zimachitika pazifukwa ziwiri: kuwonjezera kutentha ndi kuwonjezera volatile (madzi kapena carbon dioxide kapena zonse ziwiri). Ma kontinenti ndi otentha kwambiri chifukwa ali ndi uranium ndi potaziyamu yambiri ya dziko lapansi, yomwe imatentha malo ozungulira kudzera mu kuwonongeka kwa radioactive. Kulikonse komwe mtundawo wakhuthala kumakhala kotentha mkati (monga ku Tibetan Plateau). Ndipo njira za ma plate tectonics, makamaka subduction, zimatha kuyambitsa basaltic magmas kukwera pansi pa makontinenti. Kuphatikiza pa kutentha, magmas awa amatulutsa CO2 ndi madzi, zomwe zimathandiza miyala yamitundu yonse kusungunuka kutentha kochepa. Akuganiza kuti magma ambiri a basaltic amatha kupakidwa pansi pa kontinenti pogwiritsa ntchito njira yotchedwa underplating. Chifukwa cha kutulutsidwa pang'onopang'ono kwa kutentha ndi madzi kuchokera ku basalt imeneyo, kuchuluka kwa crust ya kontinenti kumatha kusanduka granite nthawi yomweyo.

Kodi imapezeka kuti?

Mpaka pano, zikudziwika kuti umapezeka padziko lapansi wochuluka m'makontinenti onse monga mbali ya nthaka ya kontinenti. Mwala uwu umapezeka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, ofanana ndi matabwa osakwana 100 km², kapena m'mapiri a anthulith omwe ali m'mapiri a orogenic. Pamodzi ndi kontinenti ina ndi miyala ya sedimentary, nthawi zambiri amapanga malo otsetsereka pansi pa nthaka. Umapezekanso m'ma lacolites, ngalande ndi m'malire. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi granite, mitundu ina ya miyala ndi alpids ndi pegmatites. Zomatira zokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono kuposa zomwe zimachitika pamalire a granite. Ma pegmatites ambiri a granular kuposa granite nthawi zambiri amagawana granite deposits.

Ntchito za Granite

Aigupto akale ankamanga mapiramidi kuchokera ku miyala ya granite ndi miyala yamwala.
Ntchito zina ku Igupto wakale ndi zipilala, mipanda ya zitseko, ma sill, zomangira ndi zophimba khoma ndi pansi.
Rajaraja Chola Ufumu wa Chola ku South India, m'zaka za m'ma 1000 AD mumzinda wa Tanjore ku India, unapanga kachisi woyamba padziko lonse lapansi kukhala granite. Kachisi wa Brihadeeswarar, woperekedwa kwa Lord Shiva, unamangidwa mu 1010.
Mu Ufumu wa Roma, granite inakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la zipangizo zomangira komanso chilankhulo chachikulu cha zomangamanga.
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati mwala waukulu. Imachokera ku mikwingwirima, yakhala mwala wothandiza chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake komwe kamavomereza kukhala kolimba, konyezimira komanso kosalala kuti kunyamule zolemera zoonekeratu.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo amkati popanga miyala ya granite yopukutidwa, matailosi, mabenchi, pansi pa matailosi, masitepe opondapo ndi zinthu zina zambiri zothandiza komanso zokongoletsera.

Zamakono

Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa miyala yamanda ndi zipilala.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pansi.
Mainjiniya nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapepala opukutidwa a granite popanga malo owonetsera chifukwa ndi osalowerera komanso osasinthasintha.

Kupanga Granite

Imakumbidwa padziko lonse lapansi koma mitundu yambiri yachilendo imachokera ku granite ku Brazil, India, China, Finland, South Africa ndi North America. Kukumba miyala kumeneku ndi ntchito yofunika ndalama zambiri komanso yofuna ntchito yambiri. Zidutswa za granite zimachotsedwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu podula kapena kupopera. Zipangizo zapadera zodulira granite zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula zidutswa zomwe zimachotsedwa m'mapepala onyamulika, zomwe kenako zimapakidwa ndi kunyamulidwa ndi sitima kapena ntchito zotumizira. China, Brazil ndi India ndi omwe amapanga granite otsogola padziko lonse lapansi.

Mapeto

Mwala wotchedwa "granite wakuda" nthawi zambiri umakhala gabbro womwe uli ndi kapangidwe kosiyana kwambiri ndi mankhwala.
Ndi mwala wochuluka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. M'madera akuluakulu otchedwa batholiths ndi m'madera apakati a dziko lapansi otchedwa zishango amapezeka pakati pa madera ambiri amapiri.
Makristalo a mchere amasonyeza kuti pang'onopang'ono amazizira kuchokera ku miyala yosungunuka yomwe imapangidwa pansi pa nthaka ndipo imatenga nthawi yayitali.
Ngati granite ionekera pamwamba pa Dziko Lapansi, imayambitsidwa ndi kukwera kwa miyala ya granite ndi kuwonongeka kwa miyala ya sedimentary pamwamba pake.
Pansi pa miyala ya sedimentary, granite, granite yosinthika kapena miyala yofanana nayo nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi pa chivundikirochi. Pambuyo pake imadziwika kuti miyala ya pansi.
Matanthauzidwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa granite nthawi zambiri amabweretsa kulumikizana kwa thanthwe ndipo nthawi zina amayambitsa chisokonezo. Nthawi zina pamakhala matanthauzidwe ambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pali njira zitatu zofotokozera granite.
Njira yosavuta yopita pa miyala, pamodzi ndi granite, mica ndi amphibole minerals, ingatchulidwe kuti ndi mwala wopepuka, wopepuka, komanso wochititsa magmatic womwe uli ndi feldspar ndi quartz.
Katswiri wa miyala adzafotokoza kapangidwe kake ka miyala, ndipo akatswiri ambiri sangagwiritse ntchito granite kuzindikira miyala pokhapokha ngati ili ndi kuchuluka kwa mchere. Angatchule kuti alkaline granite, granodiorite, pegmatite kapena aplite.
Tanthauzo la malonda lomwe ogulitsa ndi ogula nthawi zambiri amalitchula kuti miyala yopyapyala yomwe ndi yolimba kuposa granite. Amatha kutcha granite ya gabro, basalt, pegmatite, gneiss ndi miyala ina yambiri.
Kawirikawiri imatchedwa "mwala waukulu" womwe ungadulidwe m'litali, m'lifupi ndi makulidwe enaake.
Granite ndi yolimba mokwanira kupirira mikwingwirima yambiri, zolemera zazikulu, kukana nyengo komanso kulandira varnish. Mwala wofunika kwambiri komanso wothandiza.
Ngakhale mtengo wa granite ndi wokwera kwambiri kuposa mtengo wa zipangizo zina zopangidwa ndi anthu pa ntchito, umaonedwa kuti ndi chinthu chodziwika bwino chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhudza ena chifukwa cha kukongola kwake, kulimba kwake komanso khalidwe lake.