N’chifukwa chiyani Granite Surface Plate ndi maziko ofunikira a Modern Precision Metrology?

Kufunafuna kulondola kwathunthu kumatanthauzira uinjiniya wamakono ndi kupanga. M'dziko lomwe kulolerana kumayesedwa mu mainchesi miliyoni, kukhulupirika kwa maziko oyezera ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ngakhale zida zama digito ndi ma CMM apamwamba amalandira chidwi chachikulu, mbale yocheperako, ya monolithic pamwamba - yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa tebulo la granite metrology - ikadali maziko osatsutsika a kuwunika kozungulira. Imagwira ntchito ngati malo ofunikira kwambiri, mawonekedwe enieni a zero deviation, omwe ma gauges onse ndi workpieces ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa. Kumvetsetsa sayansi, kusankha, ndi chithandizo chofunikira pa chida chofunikirachi ndikofunikira kwambiri pa malo aliwonse omwe akuyesetsa kukhala ndi khalidwe lapamwamba padziko lonse lapansi.

Sayansi Yopangira Zinthu Zapamwamba: Chifukwa Chiyani Granite?

Kusankha granite sikophweka; ndi chimake cha kufunika kwa nthaka ndi sayansi. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, muyezo wa kusalala unkadalira chitsulo chosungunuka, koma kusakhazikika kwachilengedwe, mphamvu zamaginito, ndi kufooka kwa dzimbiri m'mapepala achitsulo kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta nthawi zonse kulondola. Granite, makamaka diabase yakuda yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu metrology yolondola kwambiri, imapereka yankho labwino kwambiri kutengera zinthu zinayi zofunika:

1. Kukhazikika kwa Kutentha: Granite imakhala ndi Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) yotsika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri theka la chitsulo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa kutentha m'malo ochitira kafukufuku sikukhudza kwambiri kusalala kwa mbale yonse, mosiyana ndi chitsulo, chomwe chingakulire ndikuchepa kwambiri.

2. Kulimba Kwachibadwa ndi Kuchepetsa Kugwedezeka: Chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kwakukulu ndi kapangidwe kake ka kristalo, tebulo lathyathyathya la granite labwino kwambiri limachepetsa kugwedezeka. Mu malo otanganidwa opangira zinthu, kukhazikika kumeneku ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ziwiya zoyezera zisakhudzidwe ndi phokoso lakunja kapena kuyenda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo chete komanso okhazikika oyezera zinthu mosamala.

3. Simaginito Ndipo Simawononga: Mosiyana ndi chitsulo, granite simaginito ndipo sichita dzimbiri kapena kuwononga. Izi zimachotsa nkhawa zokhudza kusokonezeka kwa maginito komwe kumakhudza zida ndipo zimapangitsa kuti kukonza kukhale kosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zodalirika kwa nthawi yayitali.

4. Kukangana Kochepa ndi Kusavala Kochepa: Pamene chogwirira ntchito kapena chipika choyezera chisunthidwa pamwamba, kuchuluka kwa quartz mu granite kumangoyambitsa kung'ambika komweko m'malo mopanga kukwera kwa burr, monga momwe zingachitikire ndi chitsulo. Khalidweli limatanthauza kuti kutha kumachitika pang'onopang'ono komanso modziwikiratu, kusunga kalasi yonse yolondola kwa nthawi yayitali.

Muyezo Wagolide: Kusankha Mbale Yoyenera Pamwamba

Ma plates a pamwamba amafotokozedwa malinga ndi kukula kwawo ndi kulondola kwawo. Ma grade atatu ofanana, AA (Laboratory), A (Inspection), ndi B (Chipinda cha Zida), amafotokoza kusiyana kovomerezeka kuchokera ku kusalala kwenikweni, komwe nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa mu magawo khumi a inchi imodzi (0.0001 in) kapena mainchesi ang'onoang'ono. Pazofunikira zambiri zamakono zowunikira, mbale yocheperako yomwe imapereka kulondola komanso kunyamulika nthawi zambiri imafunidwa.

Mbale ya pamwamba ya 24×36 mwina ndi imodzi mwa kukula kosiyanasiyana komanso kotchuka kwambiri mu metrology. Miyeso yake ndi yofanana bwino: ndi yayikulu mokwanira kuti igwirizane ndi zida zazikulu zogwirira ntchito kapena zowunikira zingapo nthawi imodzi, koma yotheka kuiyika m'malo owunikira apadera kapena kusunthidwa mosavuta ikayikidwa pa choyimilira chapadera. Kwa masitolo ogulitsa zida zazikulu, zapakatikati, kukula kwa $24 \times 36$ kumachepetsa kufunikira kosuntha gawolo kudutsa mbale yayikulu kwambiri, kusunga muyeso pafupi ndi pakati pa ndege yowunikira komwe zinthu zachilengedwe sizikhudza kwambiri.

Njira yopangira mbale pamwamba pa nthaka motsatira miyezo yolondola imeneyi ndi luso komanso sayansi, yomwe imafuna njira yolumikizirana mwaluso kwambiri. Ma granite slabs osaphika amadulidwa, kuphwanyidwa, kenako n’kulumikizidwa mosamala ndi mbale zina zitatu zazikulu mwanjira yobwerezabwereza (yomwe imadziwika kuti njira ya mbale zitatu) kuti ikwaniritse kusalala komwe kwatchulidwa. Njira yovutayi ndiyo yomwe imapatsa mbaleyo mphamvu zake zoyambira mu metrology.

Udindo Wofunika Kwambiri wa Choyimilira cha Granite Plate

Mbale ya pamwamba, ngakhale italumikizidwa bwino bwanji, imakhala yolondola kokha ngati kapangidwe kake kochirikiza kamalola. Mbale yochirikizidwa molakwika imatembenuka nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha kulemera kwake komanso kulemera kwa chogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti satifiketi yake ikhale yosavomerezeka. Apa ndi pomwe choyimilira cha granite plate chodzipereka chimakhala chowonjezera chosakambidwa.

Choyimilira chapamwamba chimapangidwa kuti chipereke chithandizo pa malo owerengedwa a Airy kapena malo a Bessel—malo enieni omwe amachepetsa kupindika ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pamwamba pake pamakhalabe pabwino kwambiri pakanyamula katundu. Makhalidwe a choyimilira chaukadaulo ndi awa:

• Kapangidwe Kolimba Kokhala ndi Welded: Kuthetsa kusamutsa kwamphamvu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zinthu zikuyenda bwino.

• Thandizo la Malo Atatu: Ma stand nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mapazi atatu osinthika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malo oimikapo akhale okhazikika, osagwedezeka ngakhale pansi pa malo osafanana pang'ono. Izi ndi zapamwamba kwambiri kuposa mapazi anayi, zomwe zingayambitse kupsinjika.

• Ma Casters ndi Ma Leveling Pads: Kuti muyende bwino mkati mwa labu, kuphatikiza ndi ma leveling pads olondola kuti mutseke mbaleyo pamalo ake omaliza komanso opingasa bwino.

Choyimiliracho ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa dongosolo lonse la metrology. Si tebulo lokha; ndi njira yothandizira yopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri yomwe imasunga kulondola kwa mainchesi ang'onoang'ono pamwamba pake. Kunyalanyaza ubwino wa choyimiliracho kumawononga njira yonse yoyezera, kusandutsa chida cholondola kukhala cholimba pang'ono.

Kumvetsetsa Ndalama: Mtengo ndi Mtengo wa Granite Yokwera M'mwamba

Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi udindo wogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri, mtengo wa granite wa pamwamba pa plate ndi wofunikira kuganizira. Ndikofunikira kuwona mtengo wa pamwamba pa plate ngati ndalama zomwe zimayikidwa nthawi yayitali pakutsimikizira khalidwe, osati ngati ndalama zomwe zingatayike. Mtengo umakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zingapo:

• Kukula ndi Kulemera: Ma mbale akuluakulu mwachibadwa amafuna zinthu zambiri zopangira komanso kulumikiza kofunikira kwambiri.

• Giredi Yolondola: Giredi yokwera (monga AA vs. B), maola ambiri ogwira ntchito aluso amafunika kuti ntchito yomaliza yolumikiza ikwere, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo ukwere.

• Zinthu Zofunika: Zinthu monga zoyika zitsulo zokhala ndi ulusi (zopangira zinthu zomangira) kapena malo apadera a T zimafuna makina owonjezera olondola.

• Chitsimikizo: Chitsimikizo chokhazikika, chokhazikika chowongolera chimawonjezera phindu ndi chitsimikizo cha mtundu.

Ngakhale kuti benchi yogwirira ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse ingakhale yoyenera kupangira zinthu kapena ntchito zina zosafunikira kwenikweni, kusiyana pakati pa tebulo losavuta la granite ndi tebulo lovomerezeka la granite metrology kuli kokha pakutsatira miyezo yokhazikika (ASME B89.3.7 kapena yofanana nayo) ndi mtundu wa malo oimikapo mbale ya granite. Kuyika ndalama mu mbale yotsika mtengo komanso yosatsimikizika kumabweretsa kupanga zinthu zosafanana, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zambiri kudzera mu kukonzanso, kuwononga zinthu, ndi kuwononga mbiri. Mtengo weniweni wa mbale yabwino pamwamba ndi chitsimikizo cha chidaliro chomwe imapereka.

Kutalika, Kulinganiza, ndi Gawo la Munthu

Mosiyana ndi makina ambiri amakono omwe amadalira mapulogalamu ndi zinthu zosuntha, mbale ya pamwamba ndi chida chosasinthika chomwe chimapangidwa kuti chikhale ndi moyo wautali. Ndi chisamaliro choyenera—kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito maburashi ofewa okha poyeretsa, kugwiritsa ntchito zotsukira mbale ya pamwamba, komanso kupewa kugwetsa zida—mbale ya granite ingapereke ntchito yodalirika kwa zaka zambiri.

Komabe, ngakhale zipangizo zolimba kwambiri zimatha kuwonongeka. Kugwiritsa ntchito zida zoyezera nthawi zonse m'malo enaake, makamaka pakati, pamapeto pake kumayambitsa kusweka kwa microscopic, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusiyana pang'ono kwa flatness. Izi zimafuna kuyesedwa nthawi ndi nthawi komanso kovomerezeka. Katswiri wodziwa bwino za metro amagwiritsa ntchito autocollimator ndi electronic levels kuti awonetse pamwamba pa mbale yonse, poyiyerekeza ndi muyezo woyamba. Njira yofunika kwambiri yotsimikiziranso izi imatsimikizira kuti mbaleyo imakhalabe mkati mwa giredi yake yodziwika bwino ndipo imasunga mphamvu zake ngati muyezo woyezera wa malowo.

Mu dziko lovuta la metrology, komwe mainchesi onse ang'onoang'ono amawerengedwa, granite pamwamba pa mbale si chinthu chongowonjezera chabe—ndi maziko ofunikira kwambiri. Ulamuliro wake umachokera ku malamulo a fizikisi ndi kulimba kwa kapangidwe kake. Kwa bungwe lililonse lomwe likufuna kulondola kwenikweni, kuonetsetsa kuti pali malo ofunikira komanso ochirikizidwa bwino, monga chitsanzo chomwe chilipo nthawi zonse 24 nthawi 36, ndipo chimasungidwa nthawi zonse ndi chizindikiro chomveka bwino cha kudzipereka kosalekeza ku khalidwe labwino.