Kumvetsetsa Magiredi Olondola: Ma Granite Plates a Giredi 00, 0, ndi 1

Komabe, ngakhale kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri, miyala ya granite pamwamba pake imakhalabe yachinsinsi kwa ogula ambiri komanso mainjiniya ena omwe amaigwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zomwe zimasokoneza kwambiri ndi njira yowunikira. Kodi Giredi 00 kwenikweni imatanthauza chiyani? Kodi imasiyana bwanji ndi Giredi 0 kapena Giredi 1? Kodi muyenera kusankha liti imodzi kuposa inzake? Kodi giredi yapamwamba nthawi zonse ndi yabwino? Awa ndi mafunso omwe nkhaniyi ikufuna kuyankhidwa m'mawu osavuta komanso othandiza.

Kuyeza molondola ndi njira yothanirana ndi kusatsimikizika. Nthawi iliyonse katswiri akayika choyezera pamwamba pa mbale ndikulemba kuwerenga, kuwerenga kumeneko kumakhala kodalirika monga momwe pamwamba pake palili. Ngati mbaleyo ikusintha kuchoka pa pulani yabwino ndi ma micron angapo, ma micron amenewo amawonjezera mwachindunji kusatsimikizika kwa kuyeza. M'dziko lomwe ma machining tolerances amakono nthawi zonse amafuna kulondola kwa ma micron a manambala amodzi, mbale ya pamwamba yomwe "ili pafupi mokwanira" singakhalenso pafupi mokwanira.

Apa ndi pomwe magiredi olondola amawonekera. Giredi yolondola kwenikweni ndi gulu lomwe limakuuzani kusiyana kwakukulu kovomerezeka kuchokera ku kusalala kwa mbale yoperekedwa pamwamba, kutengera kukula kwake ndi momwe ikugwiritsidwira ntchito. Girediyo si yokhazikika; imafotokozedwa ndi miyezo yodziwika padziko lonse lapansi yomwe imalongosola miyezo yeniyeni yololera, njira zoyesera, ndi zofunikira pazinthu. Kumvetsetsa magiredi awa ndikofunikira kwa aliyense amene ali ndi udindo wosankha zida zoyezera, kupanga njira zowongolera khalidwe, kapena kuonetsetsa kuti akutsatira malamulo amakampani.

Muyezo wapadziko lonse wodziwika kwambiri wa ma granite surface plates ndi ISO 8512-2, wotchedwa “Ma plates a pamwamba — Gawo 2: Granite.” Wofalitsidwa ndi International Organisation for Standardization, muyezo uwu umafotokoza zofunikira pa ma granite surface plates a rectangular kapena sikweya kuyambira 160 mm ndi 100 mm mpaka 2500 mm ndi 1600 mm. Umakhazikitsa magiredi anayi olondola: Giredi 0, Giredi 1, Giredi 2, ndi Giredi 3, pomwe Giredi 0 ikuyimira kulondola kwambiri ndipo Giredi 3 ndiyo yololera kwambiri.

Mofananamo, muyezo wa ku Germany wa DIN 876 umagwiritsa ntchito mawu osiyana pang'ono omwe amaphatikizapo Giredi 00 pamwamba pa Giredi 0. Dongosololi ndi lofala ku Europe ndi Asia konse, komwe opanga nthawi zambiri amatchula ma plate ngati Giredi 00, 0, 1, kapena 2. Kutchulidwa kwa Giredi 00 kumayimira kulekerera kolimba kuposa Giredi 0, kuyandikira mulingo wolondola wofunikira m'ma laboratories oyambira owerengera komwe miyezo yadziko lonse imasungidwa.

Kudutsa Atlantic, msika waku America nthawi zambiri umadalira Federal Specification GGG-P-463c ndi wolowa m'malo mwake, ASME B89.3.7-2013. Zikalatazi zimafotokoza magiredi atatu omwe amatchedwa AA, A, ndi B, pomwe Giredi AA ndiye muyezo wa labotale, Giredi A ndiye muyezo wowunikira, ndipo Giredi B ndiye muyezo wa chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito zida kapena malo ogulitsira. Mwanjira yothandiza, Giredi AA imagwirizana kwambiri ndi Giredi 00 pansi pa DIN, Giredi A imagwirizana ndi Giredi 0, ndipo Giredi B imagwirizana ndi Giredi 1. Ngakhale kuti miyezo yeniyeni ya kulekerera ingasiyane pang'ono chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mayunitsi ndi kuzungulira, kutsata kwa malingaliro kumakhala kofanana pamiyezo yonse yayikulu.

Musanalowe mu magiredi enieni, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti kulondola kwa pamwamba pa mbale kumaphatikizapo makhalidwe awiri osiyana koma ofunikira mofanana. Choyamba ndi kusalala konse, komwe kumatanthauza kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku gawo langwiro kudutsa malo onse ogwirira ntchito. Chachiwiri ndi kusiyana kwa malo okhala kusalala, nthawi zina kumatchedwa kuwerenga kobwerezabwereza. Izi zimayesa kuchuluka kwa malo omwe akusiyana mkati mwa malo aliwonse ang'onoang'ono a 250 mm ndi 250 mm.

Miyeso yonse iwiri ndi yofunika kwambiri pakuchita. Taganizirani za chitsanzo chomwe mbale ya pamwamba imakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za kusalala koma imakhala ndi kugwedezeka kwakukulu kwapafupi. Pamene muyeso wa kutalika uyikidwa pamalo amodzi a mbale, ukhoza kukhala pamwamba, pomwe ntchito yoyezedwa pafupi imakhala m'chigwa. Cholakwika choyezera chomwe chimabwera chifukwa cha izi chikhoza kukhala chachikulu kwambiri kuposa momwe kulekerera kwanenedwa kungasonyezere. Ichi ndichifukwa chake opanga odalirika ndi ma labotale oyesera amavomereza kuti mbalezo zikutsutsana ndi kusalala konse komanso kusiyana kwapafupi.

Giredi 00 ikuyimira chimake chapamwamba kwambiri pakupanga ma granite pamwamba pa ma plate amalonda. Ma plate awa adapangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo olamulidwa komwe kutentha, chinyezi, ndi kugwedezeka zimayendetsedwa bwino. Mupeza ma plate a Giredi 00 m'mabungwe a dziko lonse lapansi oyesa mayendedwe a zinthu, ma laboratory oyambira owunikira, ndi malo opangira zinthu molondola kwambiri komwe kulolerana kumayesedwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono.

Kulekerera kwa kusalala kwa mbale za Giredi 00 ndi komwe kumafuna kwambiri kuposa mbale ina iliyonse ya granite yomwe imapezeka pamsika. Pa mbale ya 630 mm ndi 630 mm, kulekerera konse kwa kusalala kumafika pafupifupi ma microns 4, pomwe kulekerera kwa kusinthasintha kwa dera lililonse la 250 mm ndi 250 mm sikuyenera kupitirira ma microns 3. Kuti timvetse bwino izi, tsitsi la munthu limakhala pafupifupi ma microns 70 m'mimba mwake. Ma mbale a Giredi 00 ndi athyathyathya mpaka pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa makumi awiri kuchokera pa tsitsi la munthu pamwamba pake ponse.

Kuti tikwaniritse kulondola kumeneku kumafuna kupangidwa mosamala kwambiri. Granite yosaphika iyenera kusankhidwa kuti iperekedwe mofanana, kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamkati, komanso kuuma bwino. Pambuyo podula ndi kupukuta koyamba, mbaleyo imadutsa njira yayitali yolumikizirana pomwe akatswiri aluso amachotsa pang'onopang'ono mfundo zazitali zazing'ono pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopyapyala kwambiri. Njirayi ingatenge nthawi yayitali kuposa kupanga mbale ya Giredi 0. Pambuyo polumikiza, mbale iliyonse ya Giredi 00 imayesedwa mwamphamvu pogwiritsa ntchito ma level amagetsi, ma interferometer a laser, kapena ma autocollimators kuti atsimikizire kuti ikugwirizana ndi zomwe ikufuna.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma plate a Giredi 00 ndi apadera ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunikira kwambiri. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo owunikira miyezo ina yoyezera, pochita ma calibrations a interferometric a zigawo za kuwala, komanso pothandizira makina oyezera ogwirizana popanga ma semiconductor ndi ndege. Kugwiritsa ntchito plate ya Giredi 00 powongolera khalidwe la munthu nthawi zonse m'sitolo kungakhale kofanana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sikelo yolondola ya labotale poyesa matumba ogulitsa zakudya - yodabwitsa koma yosafunikira kwenikweni.

Giredi 0 ili pakati pa ungwiro wa labotale ndi magwiridwe antchito a m'sitolo. Ma plate owunikira awa ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu molondola, omwe amapezeka m'ma laboratories owongolera khalidwe, m'malo owunikira omaliza, komanso m'malo opangira zinthu omwe amalekerera kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Amapereka kulondola kokwanira pantchito zambiri zoyezera mafakitale pomwe amakhalabe olimba mokwanira kuti athe kuthana ndi zenizeni za kugwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku.

Pa kukula komweko kwa mbale ya 630 mm ndi 630 mm, ma specifications a Giredi 0 nthawi zambiri amalola kulekerera kwa flatness kwa pafupifupi ma microns 5 ndi kulekerera kwa ma variable kwa pafupifupi ma microns 3.5 pa dera lililonse la 250 mm ndi 250 mm. Ngakhale izi sizofunikira kwambiri kuposa Giredi 00, zimayimirabe malo osalala kwambiri - osalala kwambiri kuposa momwe gawo lililonse lachitsulo lopangidwa ndi makina lingapangidwire popanda kupukutidwa mwapadera.

Ubwino wa mbale za Giredi 0 umapitirira kulondola kwawo. Sizimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusinthasintha pang'ono kwa chilengedwe poyerekeza ndi mbale za Giredi 00, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zoyenera kwambiri pa malo opanda kutentha konse. Zimasunga kulondola kwawo bwino pansi pa kukweza ndi kutsitsa mobwerezabwereza komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri m'malo owunikira kupanga. Ndipo chifukwa njira yolumikizirana ndi yochepa, imapezeka pamitengo yotsika mtengo pomwe imaperekabe kudalirika kwa akatswiri.

Ma plate a Giredi 0 ndi omwe amasankhidwa kwambiri pa malo owongolera khalidwe, kutsimikizira zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makina motsutsana ndi kulekerera kwa uinjiniya, komanso kuwunika komaliza kwa makina m'mafakitale monga kupanga magalimoto, kupanga zida zamankhwala, ndi kuphatikiza makina olondola. Ngati kulekerera kwanu kumayesedwa mu ma microns ndipo bajeti yanu yosatsimikizika yoyezera ndi yocheperako koma osati yokwera kwambiri, Giredi 0 nthawi zambiri imakhala yankho lolondola. Imapereka chitetezo chokwanira kuposa kulekerera kwakukulu kwa kupanga popanda kuwononga ndalama zambiri komanso kusamala kwa chilengedwe kwa Giredi 00.

Giredi 1, yomwe nthawi zina imatchedwa giredi ya chipinda chogwiritsira ntchito zida, idapangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito poyang'anira kupanga ndi kuwunika kwakukulu m'malo opangira zinthu. Ma plate awa safuna kulondola kosalala kuti asinthe kukhala olimba komanso osawononga ndalama zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti akhale abwino kwambiri pa malo ogulitsira ndi malo ogwirira ntchito komwe ntchito zoyezera sizifuna kulondola kwa sub-micron koma zimafunabe malo odalirika owunikira.

Mbale ya Giredi 1 ya 630 mm ndi 630 mm nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kupirira kwa kusalala kwa pafupifupi ma microns 10 ndi kulekerera kwa ma microns 7 pa dera lililonse la 250 mm ndi 250 mm. Izi zikadali zathyathyathya modabwitsa malinga ndi miyezo yanthawi zonse, koma zikuyimira kutsika koonekera kuchokera ku Giredi 0. Poyerekeza, pepala lokhazikika ndi lolimba pafupifupi ma microns 100. Mbale ya Giredi 1 ikhoza kusiyana ndi kusalala kwangwiro ndi pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi a pepala lonse pamwamba pake.

Ma plate a Giredi 1 nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ndi kulemba zizindikiro, kuyang'ana koyamba kwa zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito, kukhazikitsa ma jig ndi zida zina, komanso kuyang'ana kupanga komwe kulekerera kumayesedwa m'magawo a milimita imodzi osati ma microns. Ndi oyenera kwambiri malo omwe ali ndi kuwongolera pang'ono kwa nyengo, komwe kulekerera pang'ono kumapereka chitetezo chothandiza ku kusintha pang'ono kwa kutentha ndi kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba.

Zotsatira zenizeni za kusankha giredi imodzi kuposa ina zimaonekera bwino kwambiri mukaganizira momwe zolakwika za flatness zimafalikira kudzera mu unyolo woyezera. Muyeso uliwonse womwe umatengedwa pa mbale ya pamwamba umanyamula flatness ya plate ngati gawo loyambira. Ngati mukugwira ntchito ndi plate ya Giredi 0 yomwe ili ndi flatness tolerance ya 5-micron ndipo muphatikiza zimenezo ndi height gauge yomwe ili ndi 3-micron measurement saying, total saying your better before even workpiece imayandikira kale 8 microns. Ngati part tolerance yanu ndi 20 microns, muli ndi chitetezo chokwanira. Ngati ndi 10 microns, muli kale m'mavuto.

Kufalikira kwa kusatsimikizika kumeneku ndi chifukwa chake lamulo lalikulu popanga molondola ndikupanga mbale yolondola ndi kusankha mbale yomwe kulekerera kwake sikuyimira gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu mpaka limodzi mwa magawo khumi a kulekerera kwa ntchito yomwe mukuyesera kutsimikizira. Sikuti mbale yapamwamba imapanga miyeso yabwino yokha; koma kuti kusakhala ndi kusatsimikizika kotsika kuchokera ku mbale yapamwamba kumakupatsani mwayi wowonjezera mu bajeti yanu yonse yosatsimikizika.

Kusankha pakati pa Giredi 00, Giredi 0, ndi Giredi 1 ndi chisankho chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zitatu zazikulu: zofunikira zenizeni pa ntchito zanu zoyezera, momwe chilengedwe chilili pamalo anu, komanso bajeti yanu yomwe ilipo.

Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito labotale yowunikira kapena malo opangira zinthu molondola kwambiri komwe kulekerera kumayesedwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a micron ndipo malo anu amayendetsedwa ndi nyengo, Giredi 00 ndiye chisankho choyenera. Ndalama zomwe mumayikamo zimatsimikiziridwa ndi cholinga chanu chachikulu komanso zofunikira kwambiri pakutsata malamulo zomwe muyenera kukwaniritsa.

Ngati mukuchita ntchito yokonza molondola komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa ma microns 10 mpaka 50, komwe mumachita kafukufuku womaliza ndi kutsimikizira mtundu, komanso komwe mukufuna ntchito yodalirika yomwe sikufuna kuwongolera kwambiri zachilengedwe, Giredi 0 ndiye chisankho choyenera. Imapereka kulondola komwe ntchito zambiri zamafakitale zimafunikira popanda kutchula mopitirira muyeso ntchito zomwe sizikufuna.

Ngati zosowa zanu makamaka ndi za kapangidwe kake, kulemba, kuyang'ana koyambirira, kapena kuyang'ana kupanga komwe kulekerera kumayesedwa m'magawo a mamilimita, mbale za Giredi 1 zimakhala ndi mtengo wabwino kwambiri. Ndi zolimba, zotsika mtengo, komanso zolondola mokwanira pa ntchito zambiri zaofesi ndi zopangira.

Cholakwika chimodzi chofala kwambiri ndi kuganiza kuti Giredi 00 ndiye chisankho chotetezeka mosasamala kanthu za momwe igwiritsidwira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti giredi zapamwamba zimapereka zinthu zochepa zosatsimikizika, zimafunanso kuti chilengedwe chikhale cholimba, kusamalira mosamala kwambiri, komanso kuwunikira pafupipafupi kuti zisunge zomwe zili. Kuyika mbale ya Giredi 00 pa shopu yokhala ndi kutentha kosinthasintha komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri tsiku ndi tsiku kungayambitse kuwonongeka mwachangu kwa kulondola kwake - komanso kuwononga ndalama zambiri.

Kupeza mbale yokonzedwa bwino ndi gawo loyamba lokha lotsimikizira kulondola kwa muyeso. Monga chida chilichonse cholondola, mbale za granite pamwamba zimafunika kukonzedwanso nthawi ndi nthawi kuti zitsimikizire kuti kusalala kwawo sikunasunthike chifukwa cha kuwonongeka, kutentha, kapena kuwonongeka mwangozi. Nthawi yoyezera yomwe ikulimbikitsidwa imadalira mtundu wa mbaleyo, mphamvu yake yogwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kufunika kwa miyeso yomwe yachitika pa iyo. Pa mbale zambiri za Giredi 0 ndi Giredi 1, kuyeza pachaka nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwanira. Pa mbale za Giredi 00 zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito molondola kwambiri, kuyeza kawiri pachaka nthawi zambiri kumalimbikitsidwa.

Kulinganiza kumaphatikizapo kuyeza kusalala konse ndi kusinthasintha kwa malo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zotsatirira monga ma level amagetsi, ma laser interferometer, kapena ma repeat reading gages. Lipoti lovomerezeka la calibration limalemba kupotoka kwenikweni kwa kusalala komwe kumayesedwa pamwamba ndipo kumapereka kulondola kubwerera ku miyezo ya dziko lonse. Machitidwe ambiri oyang'anira khalidwe, kuphatikizapo ISO 9001 ndi ISO 17025, amafunikira ziphaso zotsatirira zomwe zilipo panopa ngati chiyeneretso chotsatira.

Pakati pa kuyeza, chisamaliro choyenera chimawonjezera moyo wa mbale. Ma mbale ayenera kutetezedwa ndi zophimba pamene sakugwiritsidwa ntchito, kutsukidwa nthawi zonse kuti achotse zinyalala zokwawa, ndikusamalidwa mosamala kuti asawonongeke kapena kuwonongeka. Kuthandizira mbale pamalo oyenera ndi chithandizo cha kinematic cha mfundo zitatu kumateteza kukoka kwa mphamvu yokoka, ndipo kupeza malo oimikapo kutali ndi magwero a kutentha ndi makina ogwedezeka kumasunga umphumphu wosalala.

Nkhani zambiri zokhudzana ndi ma granite pamwamba pa mbale zingayambitse zolakwika zambiri pakusankha ndi kugwiritsa ntchito. Choyamba komanso choopsa kwambiri ndi lingaliro lakuti ma grade apamwamba nthawi zonse amakhala abwino mosasamala kanthu za momwe agwiritsidwira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti ma plate a Giredi 00 amapereka kulekerera kwakukulu, ndi omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zachilengedwe komanso okwera mtengo kwambiri kusamalira. Kusankha plate ya Giredi 00 pa ntchito yomwe imangofuna kulondola kwa Giredi 1 si njira yotetezeka - ndi kugawa bwino zinthu zomwe zingachite bwino kwambiri pamalo osayenerera.

Vuto lina lolakwika lomwe anthu ambiri amaliganizira ndilakuti kukhazikika kwa mbale yokha kumatsimikizira kulondola kwa muyeso. Monga tafotokozera kale, kukhazikika konse komanso kusinthasintha kwa malo kuyenera kuganiziridwa. Mbale yomwe imakwaniritsa kukhazikika konse koma ili ndi kugwedezeka kwakukulu kwa malo imatha kupanga zolakwika zoyezera kuposa momwe zanenedwera.

Nthano yachitatu imayerekeza mtundu wa granite ndi ubwino wake. Zoona zake n'zakuti, kapangidwe ka mchere ka granite — kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa quartz, kapangidwe ka tirigu, ndi kufanana kwake — ndi komwe kumatsimikizira kuyenerera kwake kugwiritsidwa ntchito molondola, osati mtundu wake. Granite wakuda, granite wa pinki, ndi granite imvi zonse zimatha kupanga mbale zabwino kwambiri pamwamba pokhapokha zikugwirizana ndi zomwezo.

Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale mbale ya granite yapamwamba kwambiri singasunge kulondola kwake kosatha popanda chithandizo choyenera, kuwongolera chilengedwe, komanso kukonzanso nthawi ndi nthawi. Lingaliro lakuti "granite sisintha" ndi losocheretsa. Ngakhale granite ndi yokhazikika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zitsulo, siili yotetezeka ku zotsatira zowuma, kutentha, komanso kupsinjika kwa makina.

Ma granite pamwamba ndi zida zosavuta koma zonyenga. Poyamba, amaoneka ngati miyala yathyathyathya. M'malo mwake, ndi maziko a metrology yofanana - zinthu zolondola zomwe kulondola kwake kumatsimikizira kudalirika kwa muyeso uliwonse wochitidwa pa iwo. Kumvetsetsa magiredi olondola, kuyambira Giredi 00 mpaka Giredi 1, si ntchito yamaphunziro. Ndikofunikira kwa aliyense amene ali ndi udindo wotsimikizira kuti miyezo ndi yabwino, kuwongolera ndalama zopangira, kapena kusunga miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi.

Chofunika kwambiri sichakuti giredi imodzi ndi yabwino kuposa ina konsekonse. M'malo mwake, giredi yoyenera ndi yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zomwe mukufuna muyeso weniweni pomwe ikugwirizana ndi momwe zinthu zilili komanso bajeti yanu. Giredi 00 imapereka chithandizo ku ma laboratories ovuta kwambiri owunikira ndi kulondola komwe kuli kofanana ndi kwapadera. Giredi 0 imapereka chithandizo ku malo ambiri opangira zinthu molondola ndi kulondola kodalirika komanso kothandiza. Giredi 1 imapereka chithandizo ku malo ochitira misonkhano ndi kupanga zinthu komwe kulimba ndi ndalama ndizofunikira komanso kulondola kwa malingaliro.

Mwa kufananiza mbale ndi ntchitoyo m'malo mosintha kukhala giredi yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe ilipo, mumapeza kulondola kwabwino, mtengo, komanso kudalirika kwa nthawi yayitali. Poyesa molondola, monga m'magawo ambiri auinjiniya, yankho labwino kwambiri nthawi zambiri silimakhala lovuta kwambiri - ndi lomwe limagwirizana ndi vutoli. Sankhani giredi yomwe ikukwaniritsa zosowa zanu, isungeni bwino, ilinganizeni nthawi zonse, ndipo mudzakhala ndi maziko odalirika a muyeso uliwonse womwe utsatira.