Kodi makina oyezera ogwirizana ndi chiyani?

Amakina oyezera ogwirizana(CMM) ndi chipangizo chomwe chimayesa mawonekedwe a zinthu zakuthupi pozindikira mfundo zosiyana pamwamba pa chinthucho pogwiritsa ntchito probe. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma probe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma CMM, kuphatikizapo makina, kuwala, laser, ndi kuwala koyera. Kutengera makina, malo a probe amatha kuyendetsedwa ndi woyendetsa kapena akhoza kuyendetsedwa ndi kompyuta. Ma CMM nthawi zambiri amatchula malo a probe malinga ndi kusamuka kwake kuchokera pamalo ofotokozera mu dongosolo la Cartesian coordinate la magawo atatu (monga, ndi ma axes a XYZ). Kuwonjezera pa kusuntha probe motsatira ma axes a X, Y, ndi Z, makina ambiri amalolanso ngodya ya probe kuti iwongoleredwe kuti alole kuyeza malo omwe sakanatha kufikako.

CMM ya 3D “mlatho” imalola kuyenda kwa probe kudzera m'ma axes atatu, X, Y ndi Z, omwe ali ozungulira wina ndi mnzake mu dongosolo la Cartesian coordinate la magawo atatu. Mzere uliwonse uli ndi sensa yomwe imayang'anira malo a probe pa mzera umenewo, nthawi zambiri molunjika ndi micrometer. Pamene probe ikhudza (kapena ikazindikira) malo enaake pa chinthucho, makinawo amayesa masensa atatu a malo, motero amayesa malo a mfundo imodzi pamwamba pa chinthucho, komanso vekitala ya magawo atatu ya muyeso womwe watengedwa. Njirayi imabwerezedwa ngati pakufunika kutero, kusuntha probe nthawi iliyonse, kuti apange "mtambo wa mfundo" womwe umafotokoza madera apamwamba omwe ali ofunikira.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma CMM nthawi zambiri kumachitika popanga ndi kusonkhanitsa zinthu kuti ayesere gawo kapena gulu motsutsana ndi cholinga cha kapangidwe kake. Mu ntchito zotere, mitambo ya mfundo imapangidwa yomwe imasanthulidwa kudzera mu ma algorithms a regression kuti apange mawonekedwe. Mfundozi zimasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito probe yomwe imayikidwa pamanja ndi woyendetsa kapena yokha kudzera mu Direct Computer Control (DCC). Ma DCC CMM amatha kukonzedwa kuti ayesere magawo ofanana mobwerezabwereza; motero CMM yodziyimira yokha ndi mtundu wapadera wa loboti yamafakitale.

Zigawo

Makina oyezera zinthu mogwirizana ali ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu:

• Kapangidwe kake kamene kali ndi ma axes atatu oyenda. Zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chimango chosuntha zakhala zikusiyana pazaka zambiri. Granite ndi chitsulo zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kumayambiriro kwa CMM. Masiku ano opanga onse akuluakulu a CMM amapanga mafelemu kuchokera ku aluminiyamu kapena zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndipo amagwiritsanso ntchito ceramic kuti awonjezere kuuma kwa mzere wa Z pojambula. Omanga ochepa a CMM masiku ano amapangabe chimango cha granite CMM chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa msika kuti zinthu ziwongolere bwino komanso chizolowezi chowonjezeka choyika CMM kunja kwa labu yabwino. Kawirikawiri omanga CMM ochepa okha ndi opanga akunyumba ku China ndi India omwe akupangabe granite CMM chifukwa cha njira yotsika yaukadaulo komanso kulowa mosavuta kuti akhale womanga chimango cha CMM. Kukula kwa njira yofufuzira kumafunanso kuti mzere wa CMM Z ukhale wolimba ndipo zinthu zatsopano zayambitsidwa monga ceramic ndi silicon carbide.
• Dongosolo lofufuzira
• Dongosolo losonkhanitsira ndi kuchepetsa deta — nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo chowongolera makina, kompyuta ya pakompyuta ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito.

Kupezeka

Makina awa akhoza kukhala odziyimira pawokha, ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'manja komanso onyamulika.

Kulondola

Kulondola kwa makina oyezera ogwirizana nthawi zambiri kumaperekedwa ngati chinthu chosatsimikizika ngati ntchito patali. Pa CMM pogwiritsa ntchito chowunikira chokhudza, izi zikugwirizana ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa chowunikira komanso kulondola kwa masikelo olunjika. Kubwerezabwereza kwa chowunikira kungapangitse kuti muyeso ukhale mkati mwa mainchesi .001mm kapena .00005 (theka la khumi) pa voliyumu yonse yoyezera. Pa makina a 3, 3+2, ndi 5 axis, ma probe amayesedwa nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito miyezo yotsatirika ndipo kayendetsedwe ka makina kamatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma gauges kuti zitsimikizire kulondola.

Zigawo zenizeni

Thupi la makina

CMM yoyamba idapangidwa ndi Ferranti Company of Scotland m'zaka za m'ma 1950 chifukwa cha kufunikira koyesa mwachindunji zigawo zolondola muzinthu zawo zankhondo, ngakhale kuti makinawa anali ndi nkhwangwa ziwiri zokha. Mitundu yoyamba ya 3-axis inayamba kuonekera m'zaka za m'ma 1960 (DEA of Italy) ndipo kuwongolera makompyuta kunayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 koma CMM yoyamba yogwira ntchito idapangidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi Browne & Sharpe ku Melbourne, England. (Leitz Germany pambuyo pake idapanga kapangidwe ka makina okhazikika okhala ndi tebulo losuntha.

Mu makina amakono, malo osungiramo zinthu okhala ndi miyendo iwiri ali ndi miyendo iwiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mlatho. Izi zimayenda momasuka patebulo la granite ndi mwendo umodzi (womwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa mwendo wamkati) kutsatira njanji yotsogolera yolumikizidwa mbali imodzi ya tebulo la granite. Mwendo wotsutsana (nthawi zambiri mwendo wakunja) umangokhala patebulo la granite kutsatira mawonekedwe olunjika pamwamba. Ma bearing a mpweya ndi njira yosankhidwa yotsimikizira kuyenda kopanda kukangana. Mu izi, mpweya wopanikizika umakakamizika kudutsa mabowo ang'onoang'ono kwambiri pamalo osalala kuti upereke mpweya wosalala koma wolamulidwa womwe CMM imatha kuyendamo mosavutikira womwe ungalipidwe kudzera mu pulogalamu. Kusuntha kwa mlatho kapena gantry patebulo la granite kumapanga mzere umodzi wa ndege ya XY. Mlatho wa gantry uli ndi ngolo yomwe imadutsa pakati pa miyendo yamkati ndi yakunja ndikupanga mzere wina wa X kapena Y. Mzere wachitatu wa kuyenda (Z axis) umaperekedwa powonjezera quill yoyima kapena spindle yomwe imayenda mmwamba ndi pansi pakati pa ngolo. Chowunikira chokhudza chimapanga chipangizo chowunikira kumapeto kwa quill. Kusuntha kwa ma axes a X, Y ndi Z kumafotokoza bwino za envelopu yoyezera. Matebulo ozungulira omwe mungasankhe angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukulitsa kufikika kwa probe yoyezera kuzinthu zovuta zogwirira ntchito. Tebulo lozungulira ngati axis yachinayi silikulitsa miyeso, yomwe imakhalabe ya 3D, koma limapereka kusinthasintha pang'ono. Ma touch probe ena ndi zida zozungulira zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi probe zomwe nsonga yake imatha kuzunguliridwa molunjika kudutsa madigiri opitilira 180 komanso kuzungulira kwathunthu madigiri 360.

Ma CMM tsopano akupezekanso m'njira zina zosiyanasiyana. Izi zikuphatikizapo manja a CMM omwe amagwiritsa ntchito miyeso ya angular yomwe imatengedwa pamalo olumikizirana mkono kuti awerengere malo a nsonga ya stylus, ndipo amatha kukhala ndi ma probe ojambulira laser ndi kujambula kwa optical. Ma CMM a mkono wotere nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe kusunthika kwawo kuli kopindulitsa kuposa ma CMM achikhalidwe okhazikika - posunga malo oyesedwa, mapulogalamu olembera mapulogalamu amalolanso kusuntha mkono woyezera, ndi kuchuluka kwake, kuzungulira gawolo kuti liyesedwe panthawi yoyezera. Chifukwa manja a CMM amatsanzira kusinthasintha kwa mkono wa munthu, nthawi zambiri amatha kufikira mkati mwa zigawo zovuta zomwe sizingathe kufufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina okhazikika atatu.

Chofufuzira cha makina

M'masiku oyambirira a muyeso wa coordinate (CMM), ma probe amakina ankayikidwa mu chogwirira chapadera kumapeto kwa chogwirira. Chofufuzira chofala kwambiri chinkapangidwa mwa kusungunula mpira wolimba kumapeto kwa shaft. Izi zinali zabwino poyesa mitundu yonse ya nkhope yathyathyathya, malo ozungulira kapena ozungulira. Ma probe ena ankaphwanyidwa kuti agwirizane ndi mawonekedwe enaake, mwachitsanzo quadrant, kuti athe kuyeza zinthu zapadera. Ma probe amenewa ankagwiridwa ndi thupi motsutsana ndi chogwirira ntchito ndi malo omwe ali mumlengalenga akuwerengedwa kuchokera ku 3-axis digital readout (DRO) kapena, m'makina apamwamba kwambiri, kulowa mu kompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito switch ya mapazi kapena chipangizo chofanana. Miyeso yomwe idatengedwa ndi njira yolumikizirana iyi nthawi zambiri inali yosadalirika chifukwa makina ankasunthidwa ndi manja ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito makina aliyense ankagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kosiyanasiyana kwa mphamvu pa chofufuziracho kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyezera.

Chinthu china chomwe chinawonjezeka chinali kuwonjezera ma mota oyendetsera axis iliyonse. Ogwiritsa ntchito sankafunikanso kukhudza makinawo koma ankatha kuyendetsa axis iliyonse pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi lamanja lokhala ndi ma joystick mofanana ndi magalimoto amakono oyendetsedwa ndi akutali. Kulondola kwa muyeso ndi kulondola kunakula kwambiri ndi kupangidwa kwa electronic touch trigger probe. Woyambitsa chipangizo chatsopanochi anali David McMurtry yemwe pambuyo pake adapanga chomwe tsopano ndi Renishaw plc. Ngakhale kuti chinali chipangizo cholumikizira, probeyi inali ndi stylus yachitsulo yokhala ndi kasupe (mpira wa ruby ​​pambuyo pake). Pamene probeyi inkakhudza pamwamba pa gawolo, stylusyo inapatuka ndikutumiza nthawi yomweyo chidziwitso cha X, Y, Z ku kompyuta. Zolakwika za muyeso zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha ogwiritsa ntchito pawokha zinachepa ndipo malo oyamba ogwirira ntchito za CNC ndi kukhwima kwa ma CMM anali okhazikika.

Ma probe optical ndi ma lens-CCD-system, omwe amasunthidwa ngati makina, ndipo amalunjika pamalo ofunikira, m'malo mokhudza zinthuzo. Chithunzi chojambulidwa cha pamwamba chidzatsekedwa m'malire a zenera loyezera, mpaka zotsalirazo zitakwanira kusiyanitsa pakati pa madera akuda ndi oyera. Mzere wogawa ukhoza kuwerengedwa mpaka pamalo, omwe ndi malo oyezera omwe amafunidwa mumlengalenga. Chidziwitso chopingasa pa CCD ndi 2D (XY) ndipo malo oyima ndi malo a makina onse oyezera pa Z-drive (kapena gawo lina la chipangizo).

Makina ofufuzira

Pali mitundu yatsopano yomwe ili ndi ma probe omwe amakoka pamwamba pa gawolo potenga malo nthawi zina, otchedwa scanning probes. Njira iyi yowunikira CMM nthawi zambiri imakhala yolondola kwambiri kuposa njira yachikhalidwe yogwiritsira ntchito touch-probe ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yofulumira.

Mbadwo wotsatira wa scanning, womwe umadziwika kuti noncontact scanning, womwe umaphatikizapo high speed laser single point triangulation, laser line scanning, ndi white light scanning, ukupita patsogolo mwachangu kwambiri. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito laser beams kapena white light yomwe imawonetsedwa pamwamba pa gawolo. Ma point ambiri amatha kutengedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito osati kungoyang'ana kukula ndi malo okha, komanso kupanga chithunzi cha 3D cha gawolo. "Dongosolo la point-cloud" ili likhoza kusamutsidwira ku pulogalamu ya CAD kuti lipange chitsanzo chogwira ntchito cha 3D cha gawolo. Ma scanner awa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawo zofewa kapena zofewa kapena kuti athandize reverse engineering.

Ma probe a micrometrology

Makina oyesera a ntchito za microscale metrology ndi gawo lina lomwe likutuluka. Pali makina angapo oyezera omwe amapezeka m'masitolo (CMM) omwe ali ndi microprobe yolumikizidwa mu dongosololi, machitidwe angapo apadera m'ma laboratories aboma, komanso mapulatifomu ambiri oyezera omwe amamangidwa ndi yunivesite a microscale metrology. Ngakhale makina awa ndi abwino ndipo nthawi zambiri mapulatifomu abwino kwambiri a metrology okhala ndi masikelo a nanometric, cholepheretsa chawo chachikulu ndi micro/nano probe yodalirika, yolimba, komanso yokhoza.^{[kufunikira kwa mawu]}Mavuto a ukadaulo wofufuza pogwiritsa ntchito ma microscale akuphatikizapo kufunika kwa probe yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chapamwamba chomwe chimapereka mwayi wopeza zinthu zakuya komanso zopapatiza zokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zolumikizirana kuti zisawononge pamwamba ndi kulondola kwambiri (nanometer level).^{[kufunikira kwa mawu]}Kuphatikiza apo, ma probe a microscale amatha kukhudzidwa ndi zinthu zachilengedwe monga chinyezi ndi kuyanjana kwa pamwamba monga stiction (yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi adhesion, meniscus, ndi/kapena mphamvu za Van der Waals pakati pa zina).^{[kufunikira kwa mawu]}

Ukadaulo wopezera njira zofufuzira pogwiritsa ntchito ma microscale ukuphatikizapo ma CMM probe akale, ma optical probe, ndi mafunde oima pakati pa ena. Komabe, ukadaulo wamakono wa kuwala sungapangidwe wochepa mokwanira kuti uyeze mawonekedwe akuya komanso opapatiza, ndipo kuwala kumachepetsedwa ndi kutalika kwa kuwala. Kujambula kwa X-ray kumapereka chithunzi cha mawonekedwewo koma palibe chidziwitso cholondola cha metrology.

Mfundo zakuthupi

Ma probe optical ndi/kapena ma laser probe angagwiritsidwe ntchito (ngati n'kotheka pamodzi), zomwe zimasintha ma CMM kukhala ma microscope oyezera kapena makina oyezera a multi-sensor. Ma Fringe projection systems, theodolite triangulation systems kapena laser distant ndi triangulation systems satchedwa makina oyezera, koma zotsatira zake zimakhala zofanana: malo oyezera. Ma laser probe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira mtunda pakati pa pamwamba ndi malo ofotokozera kumapeto kwa kinematic chain (monga: kumapeto kwa gawo la Z-drive). Izi zingagwiritse ntchito interferometrical function, focus variation, light deflection kapena beam shadowing principle.

Makina oyezera zinthu zonyamulika

Pamene ma CMM achikhalidwe amagwiritsa ntchito probe yomwe imayenda pa nkhwangwa zitatu za Cartesian kuti iyese mawonekedwe a chinthu, ma CMM onyamulika amagwiritsa ntchito manja olumikizidwa kapena, pankhani ya ma CMM optical, njira zosakira zopanda manja zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zowonera za triangulation ndikulola kuti munthu azitha kuyenda mozungulira chinthucho.

Ma CMM onyamulika okhala ndi manja olumikizidwa ali ndi ma axe asanu ndi limodzi kapena asanu ndi awiri omwe ali ndi ma encoder ozungulira, m'malo mwa ma axes olunjika. Manja onyamulika ndi opepuka (nthawi zambiri ochepera mapaundi 20) ndipo amatha kunyamulidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kulikonse. Komabe, ma CMM owoneka bwino akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mumakampani. Opangidwa ndi makamera ang'onoang'ono a linear kapena matrix array (monga Microsoft Kinect), ma CMM owoneka bwino ndi ang'onoang'ono kuposa ma CMM onyamulika okhala ndi manja, alibe mawaya, ndipo amalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa mosavuta mitundu yonse ya zinthu zomwe zili pafupi kulikonse.

Ntchito zina zosabwerezabwereza monga reverse engineering, rapid prototyping, ndi kuwunika kwakukulu kwa zigawo za kukula konse ndizoyenera kwambiri pa ma CMM onyamulika. Ubwino wa ma CMM onyamulika ndi wochuluka. Ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi kusinthasintha poyesa mitundu yonse ya ziwalo komanso m'malo akutali/ovuta kwambiri. Ndi osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo safuna malo olamulidwa kuti ayese molondola. Komanso, ma CMM onyamulika nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika mtengo kuposa ma CMM achikhalidwe.

Kugwirizana kwapadera kwa ma CMM onyamulika ndi kugwira ntchito pamanja (nthawi zonse amafuna munthu kuti awagwiritse ntchito). Kuphatikiza apo, kulondola kwawo konse kungakhale kocheperako poyerekeza ndi kwa CMM yamtundu wa bridge ndipo sikuli koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zina.

Makina oyezera masensa ambiri

Ukadaulo wachikhalidwe wa CMM pogwiritsa ntchito ma touch probe masiku ano nthawi zambiri umaphatikizidwa ndi ukadaulo wina woyezera. Izi zimaphatikizapo masensa a laser, kanema kapena kuwala koyera kuti apereke zomwe zimadziwika kuti muyeso wa multisensor.