Akugwirizanitsa makina oyezera(CMM) ndi chipangizo chomwe chimayesa geometry ya zinthu zakuthupi pozindikira nsonga zapakati pa chinthucho ndi probe.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma probe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ma CMM, kuphatikiza makina, kuwala, laser, ndi kuwala koyera.Kutengera ndi makina, malo ofufuzira amatha kuyendetsedwa pamanja ndi woyendetsa kapena akhoza kuyendetsedwa ndi kompyuta.Ma CMM nthawi zambiri amatchula malo omwe afufuzidwa potengera kusamuka kwake kuchokera pamalo owonetsera munjira ya Cartesian coordinate system (ie, yokhala ndi nkhwangwa za XYZ).Kuphatikiza pa kusuntha probe pa X, Y, ndi Z axs, makina ambiri amalolanso kuti ma probe angle aziwongoleredwa kuti athe kuyeza malo omwe mwina sangafikike.
"Mlatho" wamtundu wa 3D CMM umalola kusuntha kwa probe motsatira nkhwangwa zitatu, X, Y ndi Z, zomwe zimakhala zogwirizana wina ndi mnzake munjira yolumikizirana ya Cartesian.Mzere uliwonse uli ndi sensa yomwe imayang'anira malo a probe pa axis imeneyo, makamaka ndi micrometer molondola.Pamene kafukufuku kukhudzana (kapena detects) malo enaake pa chinthu, makina zitsanzo masensa atatu udindo, motero kuyeza malo a mfundo pamwamba chinthu, komanso 3-dimensional vekitala wa muyeso anatengedwa.Njirayi imabwerezedwa ngati ikufunika, kusuntha kafukufuku nthawi zonse, kuti apange "mtambo wa mfundo" womwe umalongosola malo omwe ali ndi chidwi.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kofala kwa ma CMM ndi kupanga ndi kusonkhanitsa njira kuyesa gawo kapena msonkhano motsutsana ndi cholinga cha mapangidwe.M'mapulogalamu oterowo, ma point clouds amapangidwa omwe amawunikidwa kudzera pa regression algorithms kuti apange mawonekedwe.Mfundozi zimasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito probe yomwe imayikidwa pamanja ndi wogwiritsa ntchito kapena kudzera pa Direct Computer Control (DCC).Ma CMM a DCC amatha kukonzedwa kuti aziyesa mobwerezabwereza magawo ofanana;motero CMM yodzipangira yokha ndi mtundu wapadera wa robot ya mafakitale.
Zigawo
Makina oyezera a Coordinate ali ndi zigawo zitatu zazikulu:
- Chopanga chachikulu chomwe chimaphatikizapo nkhwangwa zitatu zoyenda.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chimango chosuntha zakhala zikusiyana kwa zaka zambiri.Granite ndi zitsulo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyambirira kwa CMM.Masiku ano opanga onse akuluakulu a CMM amamanga mafelemu kuchokera ku aluminiyamu alloy kapena zotumphukira zina komanso amagwiritsa ntchito ceramic kuti awonjezere kuuma kwa Z axis pakusanthula ntchito.Omanga a CMM ochepa lero akupangabe chimango cha granite CMM chifukwa cha kufunikira kwa msika pakusintha kwamphamvu kwa metrology ndikuwonjezereka kwa kukhazikitsa CMM kunja kwa labu yabwino.Nthawi zambiri omanga a CMM otsika komanso opanga nyumba ku China ndi India akupangabe CMM ya granite chifukwa chaukadaulo wocheperako komanso kulowa mosavuta kuti akhale omanga chimango cha CMM.Kuchulukirachulukira kwa sikani kumafunikanso kuti CMM Z axis ikhale yolimba ndipo zida zatsopano zakhazikitsidwa monga ceramic ndi silicon carbide.
- Kufufuza dongosolo
- Dongosolo lotolera ndi kuchepetsa - nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo makina owongolera, makompyuta apakompyuta ndi mapulogalamu ogwiritsira ntchito.
Kupezeka
Makinawa amatha kukhala osayima, kugwira m'manja komanso kunyamula.
Kulondola
Kulondola kwa makina oyezera olumikizana nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa ngati chinthu chosatsimikizika ngati ntchito yopitilira mtunda.Kwa CMM yogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wokhudza, izi zikugwirizana ndi kubwerezabwereza kwa kafukufukuyo komanso kulondola kwa miyeso yozungulira.Kubwereza kobwerezabwereza kungayambitse miyeso ya mkati mwa .001mm kapena .00005 inchi (theka lakhumi) pa voliyumu yonse yoyezera.Kwa makina a 3, 3 + 2, ndi 5 axis, ma probe amawunikidwa nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito miyeso yodziwika bwino ndipo kayendetsedwe ka makina kumatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito geji kuti zitsimikizire kulondola.
Zigawo zenizeni
Mtundu wa makina
CMM yoyamba idapangidwa ndi Ferranti Company of Scotland mu 1950s chifukwa cha kufunikira kwachindunji kuyeza zigawo zolondola pazogulitsa zawo zankhondo, ngakhale makinawa anali ndi nkhwangwa ziwiri zokha.Mitundu yoyambirira ya 3-axis idayamba kuwonekera m'ma 1960 (DEA yaku Italy) ndikuwongolera makompyuta koyambirira kwa 1970s koma CMM yoyamba yogwira ntchito idapangidwa ndikugulitsidwa ndi Browne & Sharpe ku Melbourne, England.(Leitz Germany kenako idapanga makina osasunthika okhala ndi tebulo losuntha.
M'makina amakono, superstructure yamtundu wa gantry ili ndi miyendo iwiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imatchedwa mlatho.Izi zimayenda momasuka patebulo la granite ndi mwendo umodzi (omwe nthawi zambiri umatchedwa mwendo wamkati) motsatira njanji yolondolera yomwe imayikidwa kumbali imodzi ya tebulo la granite.Mwendo wosiyana (nthawi zambiri kunja kwa mwendo) umangokhazikika pa tebulo la granite potsatira mizere yowongoka.Ma air bearings ndi njira yosankhidwa yowonetsetsa kuyenda kwaulere.Mu izi, mpweya woponderezedwa umakakamizika kupyolera mumagulu ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono pamalo otsetsereka kuti apereke mpweya wosalala koma woyendetsedwa bwino umene CMM imatha kuyenda mozungulira mopanda frictionless yomwe ingathe kulipidwa kudzera mu mapulogalamu.Kuyenda kwa mlatho kapena gantry patebulo la granite kumapanga mbali imodzi ya ndege ya XY.Mlatho wa gantry uli ndi ngolo yomwe imadutsa pakati ndi miyendo yakunja ndikupanga X kapena Y yopingasa yopingasa.Mzere wachitatu woyenda (Z axis) umaperekedwa ndi kuwonjezeredwa kwa quill yowongoka kapena spindle yomwe imayenda mmwamba ndi pansi kudutsa pakati pa chonyamulira.Chofufumitsa chokhudza chimapanga chida chozindikira chomwe chili kumapeto kwa quill.Mayendedwe a X, Y ndi Z axx amafotokoza bwino envelopu yoyezera.Matebulo osinthasintha angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupititsa patsogolo kufikika kwa kafukufuku woyezera ku zida zovuta zogwirira ntchito.Gome lozungulira ngati axis yachinayi yoyendetsa sikukulitsa miyeso yoyezera, yomwe imakhalabe 3D, koma imapereka kusinthasintha.Ma probes ena ndi omwe ali ndi zida zozungulira zokhala ndi nsonga ya probe yomwe imatha kuyendayenda mopitilira madigiri 180 komanso kuzungulira kwathunthu kwa 360.
Ma CMM tsopano akupezekanso m'njira zosiyanasiyana.Izi zikuphatikizapo mikono ya CMM yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito miyeso yokhotakhota yomwe imatengedwa m'malo olumikizirana dzanja kuti awerengere pomwe nsonga ya cholemberacho, ndipo imatha kuvekedwa ndi ma probe osanthula ndi laser komanso kujambula.Ma CMM amkono oterowo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe kunyamula kwawo kumakhala kopindulitsa kuposa ma CMM achikhalidwe okhazikika- posunga malo oyezera, mapulogalamu a pulogalamu amalolanso kusuntha mkono woyezera womwe, ndi kuchuluka kwake koyezera, kuzungulira gawolo kuti liyesedwe panthawi yoyezera.Chifukwa manja a CMM amatsanzira kusinthasintha kwa mkono wa munthu nthawi zambiri amatha kufikira mkati mwa magawo ovuta omwe sakanatha kufufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina oyendera ma axis atatu.
Kufufuza kwamakina
M'masiku oyambirira a coordinate muyeso (CMM), ma probe amakina adayikidwa mu chotengera chapadera kumapeto kwa quill.Kufufuza kofala kwambiri kunapangidwa mwa kugulitsa mpira wolimba mpaka kumapeto kwa shaft.Izi zinali zoyenera kuyeza mitundu yonse ya nkhope yosalala, yozungulira kapena yozungulira.Ma probe ena anali opangidwa ndi mawonekedwe apadera, mwachitsanzo quadrant, kuti athe kuyeza zinthu zapadera.Ma probes awa adagwiridwa motsutsana ndi chogwirira ntchito ndi malo omwe amawerengedwa kuchokera ku 3-axis digital readout (DRO) kapena, m'makina apamwamba kwambiri, akulowetsedwa mu kompyuta pogwiritsa ntchito chowotcha kapena chofanana.Miyezo yomwe imatengedwa ndi njira yolumikiziranayi nthawi zambiri imakhala yosadalirika popeza makina amasunthidwa ndi manja ndipo wogwiritsa ntchito makina onse amagwiritsa ntchito kukakamiza kosiyanasiyana pa kafukufukuyo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zoyezera.
Kupititsa patsogolo kwina kunali kuwonjezera kwa ma motors poyendetsa ma axis aliwonse.Oyendetsa galimoto sanafunikirenso kukhudza makinawo mwakuthupi koma ankatha kuyendetsa mbali iliyonse pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi lamanja lokhala ndi zokometsera mofanana ndi magalimoto amakono olamulidwa ndi kutali.Kulondola kwa kuyeza ndi kulondola kunapita patsogolo kwambiri pakupangidwa kwa kafukufuku wamagetsi okhudza kukhudza.Woyambitsa chipangizo chatsopanochi anali David McMurtry yemwe adapanga zomwe tsopano ndi Renishaw plc.Ngakhale akadali chida cholumikizirana, kafukufukuyu anali ndi cholembera chachitsulo chodzaza masika (kenako mpira wa ruby).Pamene kafukufukuyu adakhudza pamwamba pa chinthucho cholemberacho chinapatuka ndipo nthawi yomweyo chimatumiza chidziwitso cha X,Y,Z ku kompyuta.Zolakwa zoyezera zomwe zimachitika ndi ogwiritsa ntchito pawokha zidacheperachepera ndipo siteji idakhazikitsidwa kuti akhazikitse ntchito za CNC komanso kubwera kwazaka za CMM.
Mutu woyeserera wokha wokha wokhala ndi cholumikizira chamagetsi
Ma probe owoneka ndi ma lens-CCD-system, omwe amasunthidwa ngati makina, ndipo amayang'ana pamalo osangalatsa, m'malo mokhudza zinthuzo.Chithunzi chojambulidwa chapamwamba chidzatsekedwa m'malire a zenera loyezera, mpaka zotsalirazo zikhale zokwanira kusiyana pakati pa madera akuda ndi oyera.Mzere wogawanitsa ukhoza kuwerengedwa kufika pa mfundo, yomwe ndi malo omwe amafunidwa mumlengalenga.Zambiri zopingasa pa CCD ndi 2D (XY) ndipo poyimirira ndi malo a dongosolo lonse lofufuzira pa stand Z-drive (kapena chipangizo china).
Kusanthula ma probe systems
Pali mitundu yatsopano yomwe ili ndi ma probe omwe amakokera pamwamba pa gawo lotengerapo pakapita nthawi, zomwe zimadziwika kuti scanning probes.Njira yowunikirayi ya CMM nthawi zambiri imakhala yolondola kuposa njira yanthawi zonse yowunikira komanso nthawi zambiri mwachangu.
M'badwo wotsatira wa sikani, womwe umadziwika kuti nocontact scanning, womwe umaphatikizapo ma triangulation a laser single point triangulation, laser line, ndi kuwala koyera, ukupita patsogolo mwachangu kwambiri.Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito matabwa a laser kapena kuwala koyera komwe kumawonekera pamwamba pa gawolo.Mfundo masauzande ambiri zitha kutengedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito osati kungoyang'ana kukula ndi malo, komanso kupanga chithunzi cha 3D cha gawolo."Deta yamtambo"yi imatha kusamutsidwa ku pulogalamu ya CAD kuti ipange mawonekedwe a 3D a gawolo.Makina ojambulira awa nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazigawo zofewa kapena zofewa kapena kuwongolera uinjiniya.
- Micrometrology imafufuza
Njira zofufuzira za ma microscale metrology ndi gawo lina lomwe likubwera.Pali makina angapo opangira ma coordinate measurance (CMM) omwe ali ndi microprobe yophatikizidwa mudongosolo, makina apadera angapo kuma laboratories aboma, ndi nsanja zilizonse zomangidwa ndi mayunivesite za metrology ya microscale metrology.Ngakhale makinawa ndi abwino ndipo nthawi zambiri nsanja zabwino kwambiri za metrology zokhala ndi masikelo a nanometric, malire awo ndi odalirika, olimba, okhoza kugwiritsa ntchito micro/nano probe.[kufotokoza kofunikira]Zovuta zamaukadaulo oyesa ang'onoang'ono amaphatikizanso kufunikira kwa kafukufuku wapamwamba kwambiri wopatsa kuthekera kofikira zinthu zakuya, zopapatiza zokhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zolumikizana kuti zisawononge kumtunda komanso kulondola kwambiri (mulingo wa nanometer).[kufotokoza kofunikira]Kuphatikiza apo, ma probe ang'onoang'ono amatha kutengeka ndi zochitika zachilengedwe monga chinyezi ndi kuyanjana kwapamtunda monga kukakamira (kumachitika chifukwa chomatira, meniscus, ndi/kapena mphamvu za Van der Waals pakati pa ena).[kufotokoza kofunikira]
Matekinoloje oti akwaniritse kufufuza kwapang'onopang'ono akuphatikiza mtundu wocheperako wa ma probe akale a CMM, ma probe owoneka bwino, ndi kafukufuku woyimilira pakati pa ena.Komabe, matekinoloje amakono amakono sangachedwe pang'ono kuti athe kuyeza zakuya, zopapatiza, ndipo mawonekedwe a kuwala amachepetsedwa ndi kutalika kwa kuwala.Kujambula kwa X-ray kumapereka chithunzi cha mawonekedwewo koma palibe chidziwitso cha metrology.
- Mfundo zakuthupi
Ma probe a Optical ndi/kapena laser probes angagwiritsidwe ntchito (ngati kuli kotheka kuphatikiza), omwe amasintha ma CMM kukhala ma microscopes kapena makina oyezera masensa ambiri.Makina owonetsera zam'mphepete, makina a theodolite triangulation kapena ma laser distant ndi triangulation system samatchedwa makina oyezera, koma zotsatira zake ndizofanana: malo amlengalenga.Mapulogalamu a laser amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire mtunda pakati pa pamwamba ndi malo owonetsera kumapeto kwa kinematic chain (ie: mapeto a gawo la Z-drive).Izi zitha kugwiritsa ntchito interferometrical, kusinthasintha koyang'ana, kupatuka kwa kuwala kapena mfundo yopangira mthunzi.
Makina oyezera a coordinate
Pomwe ma CMM achikhalidwe amagwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku yemwe amayenda pa nkhwangwa zitatu za Cartesian kuyeza mawonekedwe a chinthu, ma CMM osunthika amagwiritsa ntchito mikono yodziwika bwino kapena, ngati ma CMM owoneka bwino, makina ojambulira opanda manja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zowonera katatu ndikupangitsa kuti azimasuka kuyenda. kuzungulira chinthucho.
Ma CMM onyamula okhala ndi manja omveka amakhala ndi nkhwangwa zisanu ndi imodzi kapena zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zili ndi ma encoder ozungulira, m'malo mwa nkhwangwa.Mikono yonyamula ndi yopepuka (nthawi zambiri zosakwana mapaundi 20) ndipo imatha kunyamulidwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi kulikonse.Komabe, ma CMM owoneka akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani.Zopangidwa ndi makamera ophatikizika kapena amtundu wa matrix (monga Microsoft Kinect), ma CMM owoneka ndi ang'onoang'ono kuposa ma CMM onyamula okhala ndi mikono, alibe mawaya, ndipo amathandizira ogwiritsa ntchito kutenga miyeso ya 3D yamitundu yonse yazinthu zomwe zili paliponse.
Ntchito zina zosabwerezabwereza monga uinjiniya wakumbuyo, kujambula mwachangu, komanso kuyang'ana kwakukulu kwa magawo amitundu yonse ndizoyenera ma CMM osunthika.Ubwino wa ma CMM osunthika ndiochulukira.Ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kutenga miyeso ya 3D yamitundu yonse yazigawo komanso kumadera akutali / ovuta.Ndiosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ndipo safuna malo olamulidwa kuti atenge miyeso yolondola.Kuphatikiza apo, ma CMM onyamula amakhala otsika mtengo kuposa ma CMM achikhalidwe.
Kusinthanitsa kwachilengedwe kwa ma CMM onyamula ndi ntchito pamanja (nthawi zonse amafuna munthu kuti azigwiritsa ntchito).Kuphatikiza apo, kulondola kwawo konse kumatha kukhala kolondola pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mtundu wa mlatho wa CMM ndipo sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zina.
Makina oyezera ma Multisensor
Ukadaulo wachikhalidwe wa CMM wogwiritsa ntchito ma probe okhudza masiku ano nthawi zambiri umaphatikizidwa ndi ukadaulo wina woyezera.Izi zikuphatikiza ma laser, kanema kapena masensa a kuwala koyera kuti apereke zomwe zimadziwika kuti muyeso wa multisensor.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-29-2021